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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15381-2

Table 3.

Results of multicollinearity analysis on factors affecting multi-hazards.

Criterion Land subsidence Landslide Wildfire Flood
Altitude 1.31 1.46 1.11 1.16
Aspect 1.02 1.17 1.005 1.03
Drainage density – 1.08 – 1.02
Geology 1.7 1.42 – 1.16
Land cover 1.36 1.67 1.04 1.19
NDVI 1.14 1.74 1.15 1.17
Plan curvature 1.33 1.27 – 1.15
Profile curvature 1.3 1.25 – 1.16
Rainfall 2.39 3.07 1.16 2.11
Slope 2.02 1.94 1.04 1.04
Soil type 1.8 2.07 – 1.66
TWI – 2.52 – 1.58
Distance to rivers 1.04 1.06 – –
Distance to villages – – 1.01 –
Wind effect – – 1.02 –
Temperature – – 1.09 –
Distance to roads 1.03 1.04 1.008 –
Distance to faults 1.23 1.17 – –
Groundwater drawdowns 1.59 – – –