. 2025 Aug 22;15:30926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16937-y

Table 3.

Protective effect of C. officinalis extract against genotoxicity.

CA	Control	Cos1	Cos2	Mo	MoCos1	MoCos2
FRG	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	24.8 ± 2.16^a	18.4 ± 1.85^b	13.6 ± 1.67^c
VC	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	19.6 ± 1.84^a	12.9 ± 1.63^b	8.40 ± 1.13^c
UDC	0.17 ± 0.41^d	0.10 ± 0.32^d	0.32 ± 0.51^d	15.7 ± 1.75^a	11.1 ± 1.58^b	8.20 ± 1.10^c
SC	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	13.4 ± 1.65^a	9.70 ± 1.21^b	5.90 ± 0.86^c
BR	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	10.9 ± 1.24^a	7.10 ± 0.98^b	4.10 ± 0.79^c
DS	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	8.50 ± 1.14^a	5.20 ± 0.82^b	3.70 ± 0.68^c
MpA	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.00 ± 0.00^d	7.60 ± 0.96^a	4.50 ± 0.81^b	2.00 ± 0.54^c

The values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 10). The numbers of MN and chromosomal damage were calculated by analysing 1,000 cells in each group, and the MI rate was calculated by analysing 10,000 cells in each group. Means with different letters (a–d) in the same row are considered to be significant at p < 0.05.