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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16937-y

Table 4.

Protective role of C. officinalis extract against molybdenum-induced meristematic cell damage.

Groups Epidermis cell damage Cortex cell damage Thickened cortex cell wall Flattened cell nucleus Thickened conduction tissue
Control ND ND ND ND ND
Cos 1 ND ND ND ND ND
Cos 2 ND ND ND ND ND
Mo ↑↑↑ ↑↑↑ ↑↑↑ ↑↑↑ ↑↑↑
MoCos 1 ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑
MoCos 2 ND

ND: not detected, (↑) minor damage, (↑↑) moderate damage, (↑↑↑) major damage.