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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30944. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16541-0

Table 2.

Validity, reliability, and multicollinearity analysis.

Variables Cronbach alpha AVE VIF
Big data analytics capability 0.823 0.638 [3.87, 4.27]
Decision making quality 0.761 0.702 [3.76, 4.68]
Supply chain innovation 0.773 0.568 [3.09, 4.16]
Risk taking 0.723 0.602 [3.11, 4.13]
Environmental performance 0.768 0.619 [2.96, 3.72]