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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30971. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16841-5

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A visual representation of the main effect of sentence type in the N400 (300–500 ms) and LPC (600–800 ms) time windows. The grand average waveforms represent the mean activity across twelve electrodes. The topographic maps illustrate the difference waves between anomalous sentences (ANO) and novel metaphors (NM), novel similes (SIM), and literal sentences (LIT), as observed in the N400 and LPC time windows.