Table 1.
Participants’ language background information.
| L1 English (N = 8) | L1 Spanish (N = 15) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dominance | Eng-dom (N = 7) | Eng-dom (N = 6) | ||
| Span-dom (N = 0) | Span-dom (N = 0) | |||
| Balanced (N = 1) | Balanced (N = 9) | |||
| AoA Spanish |
Early (0–5 years of age) (N = 5) Late (after 5 yoa) (N = 3) |
|||
| AoA English |
Early (0–5 years of age) (N = 9) Late (after 5 yoa) (N = 6) |
|||
| L1 English | L1 Spanish | |||
| English | Spanish | English | Spanish | |
| Listening | 6.83 (0.41)** | 5.50 (1.38) | 6.36 (1.15) | 6.36 (1.34) |
| Speaking | 6.67 (0.52)** | 3.83 (1.47)* | 6.07 (1.27) | 5.71 (1.49) |
| Reading | 6.83 (0.41)* | 4.00 (2.0) | 6.29 (0.1) | 5.57 (1.83) |
| Writing | 6.83 (0.41)** | 2.83(1.94)* | 6.0(1.71)* | 4.79 (1.67) |
Proficiency ratings in various language dimensions were measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1 = very poor, 7 = native like. Asterisks show significant differences in proficiency ratings for English and Spanish. Values for proficiency include mean rating and SD in parentheses.
* p <.05, ** p <.01, *** p <.001.