Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of selected patients with acute brain injury (ABI).
| Original cohort | Matched cohort | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | No dexmedetomidine | Dexmedetomidine | SMD | No dexmedetomidine | Dexmedetomidine | SMD |
| n = 6347 | n = 1143 | n = 1128 | n = 1128 | |||
| Sex, Male, n (%) | 3351 (52.8) | 750 (65.6) | 0.263 | 733 (65) | 740 (65.6) | 0.013 |
| Age, years | 68.0 ± 17.1 | 60.3 ± 17.6 | 0.445 | 60.6 ± 18.6 | 60.6 ± 17.4 | 0.003 |
| Weight, kg | 78.0 ± 24.4 | 82.3 ± 22.7 | 0.184 | 80.6 ± 21.1 | 82.3 ± 22.7 | 0.075 |
| Heart Rate, bpm | 79.9 ± 14.5 | 83.5 ± 15.1 | 0.247 | 84.5 ± 15.7 | 83.4 ± 15.0 | 0.073 |
| MBP, mmHg | 85.0 ± 11.1 | 83.1 ± 10.4 | 0.17 | 83.3 ± 10.4 | 83.2 ± 10.4 | 0.005 |
| Respiratory Rate, bpm | 18.5 ± 3.2 | 19.3 ± 3.6 | 0.232 | 19.3 ± 3.8 | 19.3 ± 3.5 | 0.016 |
| SpO₂, % | 97.0 ± 1.9 | 97.9 ± 1.8 | 0.444 | 98.0 ± 1.7 | 97.9 ± 1.8 | 0.079 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 158.5 ± 1793.3 | 141.1 ± 44.3 | 0.014 | 141.2 ± 42.3 | 141.0 ± 44.3 | 0.005 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.5 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 2.3 | 0.273 | 10.8 ± 2.5 | 10.9 ± 2.3 | 0.031 |
| RBC, ×10^6/µL | 3.7 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 0.081 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 0.029 |
| PLT, ×10^9/L | 201.8 ± 81.8 | 184.7 ± 84.5 | 0.206 | 185.3 ± 86.4 | 185.1 ± 84.2 | 0.003 |
| WBC, ×10^9/L | 12.5 ± 9.6 | 14.9 ± 7.1 | 0.277 | 14.8 ± 11.6 | 14.7 ± 6.6 | 0.004 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 17.0 (13.0, 24.0) | 18.0 (13.0, 25.0) | 0.088 | 17.0 (13.0, 25.0) | 18.0 (13.0, 25.0) | 0.028 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.136 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.025 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 140.8 ± 4.9 | 141.5 ± 4.9 | 0.128 | 141.4 ± 5.5 | 141.5 ± 4.9 | 0.01 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.081 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 0.015 |
| COPD, n (%) | 888 (14) | 162 (14.2) | 0.005 | 172 (15.2) | 162 (14.4) | 0.025 |
| CBD, n (%) | 4805 (75.7) | 800 (70) | 0.129 | 775 (68.7) | 790 (70) | 0.029 |
| Liver Disease, n (%) | 317 (5) | 91 (8) | 0.121 | 96 (8.5) | 89 (7.9) | 0.023 |
| Renal Disease, n (%) | 795 (12.5) | 153 (13.4) | 0.026 | 157 (13.9) | 150 (13.3) | 0.018 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 531 (8.4) | 71 (6.2) | 0.083 | 70 (6.2) | 69 (6.1) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1498 (23.6) | 287 (25.1) | 0.035 | 289 (25.6) | 285 (25.3) | 0.008 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4360 (68.7) | 776 (67.9) | 0.017 | 743 (65.9) | 768 (68.1) | 0.047 |
| CCI | 5.3 ± 3.0 | 4.6 ± 3.1 | 0.228 | 4.6 ± 3.2 | 4.6 ± 3.1 | 0.014 |
| APS III | 37.7 ± 17.7 | 42.1 ± 19.1 | 0.235 | 42.7 ± 22.0 | 41.9 ± 18.8 | 0.036 |
| SAPS II | 33.3 ± 12.4 | 35.5 ± 12.9 | 0.174 | 36.0 ± 14.0 | 35.4 ± 12.8 | 0.047 |
| GCS | 14.1 ± 2.0 | 14.4 ± 1.8 | 0.146 | 14.3 ± 2.1 | 14.3 ± 1.8 | 0.016 |
| SOFA | 4.2 ± 3.0 | 6.7 ± 3.4 | 0.786 | 6.6 ± 3.9 | 6.6 ± 3.3 | 0.005 |
| Craniotomy, n (%) | 1186 (18.7) | 289 (25.3) | 0.16 | 300 (26.6) | 288 (25.5) | 0.024 |
| PTCAI, n (%) | 929 (14.6) | 149 (13) | 0.046 | 141 (12.5) | 149 (13.2) | 0.021 |
| Mannitol, n (%) | 548 (8.6) | 147 (12.9) | 0.137 | 155 (13.7) | 145 (12.9) | 0.026 |
| Ventilation day 1, n (%) | 1435 (22.6) | 681 (59.6) | 0.811 | 681 (60.4) | 667 (59.1) | 0.025 |
| Vasopressor day 1, n (%) | 791 (12.5) | 256 (22.4) | 0.264 | 276 (24.5) | 251 (22.3) | 0.052 |
Continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean ± SD; variables with non-normal distribution (BUN and creatinine) as median [IQR]; categorical variables as n (%). Abbreviations: ABI, acute brain injury; APS III, Acute Physiology Score III; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CBD, cerebrovascular disease; MBP, mean blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SMD, standardized mean difference; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; PTCAI, percutaneous transcatheter cerebral artery intervention.