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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30955. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16887-5

Table 1.

Proximate and elemental content in AMMS.

Characteristics CK B1 B2 B3 PB1 PB2 PB3
Proximate content (wt%)
Volatile matter 57 34 22 14 29 21 16
Fixed carbon* 21 53 68 78 58 70 76
Ash 8 6 5 4 6 5 5
Water 14 7 5 4 7 4 3
Elemental content (wt%)
C 36 47 52 70 43 47 64
N 5 3 2 2 3 3 1
H 6 5 4 3 3 4 3
O** 53 45 42 25 51 46 32
S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O/C 1.47 0.95 0.8 0.35 1.18 0.97 0.5

* Calculated by sample weight loss (100 wt%-volatile matter-ash-water).

** Calculated by sample weight loss (100 wt%-carbon-nitrogen-hydrogen-sulfur).