Table 4. Summary of key referenced studies on the diagnosis and management of trigeminal nerve injuries.

DO: Distraction osteogenesis; BSSO: Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy; CBCT: Cone-beam computed tomography; IAN: Inferior alveolar nerve; PGA: Polyglycolic acid; QST: Qualitative sensory testing; MRCS: Medical Research Council Scale; MR: Magnetic resonance; VR: Virtual reality; 3D: Three-dimensional.

Author(s)	Year	Study Type	Key Findings/Methodology
Jerjes et al. [2]	2010	Clinical study/review	Identified risk factors for IAN and lingual nerve injuries during third molar removal.
Pogrel and Kaban [3]	1993	Review	Analyzed causes and nature of IAN damage during root canal therapy.
Wijbenga et al. [6]	2009	Clinical study	Compared neurosensory outcomes in DO vs. BSSO; highlighted differential recovery patterns.
Bagheri et al. [9]	2009	Clinical study/review	Reviewed microsurgical repair outcomes in maxillofacial trauma-related trigeminal nerve injuries.
Van der Cruyssen et al. [15]	2023	Consensus statement	Recommended QST and MRCS for diagnosis; QST and MR neurography for uncertain cases.
Schiavone and Ziccardi V [16]	2021	Literature review	Provided a comprehensive synthesis of trigeminal nerve injuries in oral surgery.
Ziccardi and Steinberg MJ [17]	2007	Literature review	Identified three-month non-recovery period as optimal threshold for considering microsurgery.
Ziccardi [18]	2011	Technique review	Described microsurgical techniques including neurolysis, neurorrhaphy, and neuroma excision.
Nectow et al. [19]	2012	Review	Discussed biomaterials (collagen, silicone, and PGA) and future strategies for nerve conduits.
Nath and Mackinnon [20]	2000	Review	Discussed indications and limitations of nerve transfers for proximal nerve injuries.
Strauch [22]	2000	Review	Evaluated use and limitations of nerve conduits in clinical and experimental repair.
Battiston et al. [23]	2000	Animal study	Vein-muscle grafts enhanced nerve fiber density over six months in rat sciatic models.
Mosahebi et al. [28]	2003	Experimental study	Fibronectin-enhanced alginate matrix improved Schwann cell viability and regeneration.
Brushart et al. [31]	2002	Animal study	20-Hz electrical stimulation post-suture enhanced motoneuron regeneration in rats.
Sarwar and Jabin [41]	2023	Review	AI-enhanced CBCT improves nerve visualization and risk assessment.
Fang et al. [33]	2023	Methodology study	Proposed soft tissue-driven planning to improve precision in craniofacial nerve surgery.
Nguyen et al. [42]	2023	Methodology study	Developed 3D auto-segmentation tools for surgical wound planning in nerve repair.
Vizziello et al. [43]	2023	Feasibility study	Demonstrated intra-body device communication for nerve monitoring and control.
Sadeghnejad et al. [44]	2019	Validation study	Validated VR haptic simulation for training in trigeminal nerve microsurgery.