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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30902. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15614-4

Table 3.

The limits of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), the coefficient of determination (R2), dynamic range (LDR) and repeatability (RSD) for investigated pharmaceuticals.

Parameters Caffeine (CAF) Ibuprofen (IBU) Carbamazepine (CBM )
Linearity range 1000 to 10,000 ng/L 600 to 60,000 ng/L 300 to 10,000 ng/L
Slope n = 3 2291.7 ± 2.97 34.17 ± 0.0001 31,578.0 ± 0.54
Intercept n = 3 905.4 ± 13.84 20.11 ± 0.0003 48,880.4 ± 2.35
Correlation coefficient (R2) 0.99995 0.99993 0.99998
Limit of detection 300 ng/L 200 ng/L 100 ng/L
Limit of quantification 1000 ng/L 600 ng/L 300 ng/L
Repeatability Precision (RSD) n = 6 2.62% 3.10% 2.84%
Repeatability Intermediate Precision (RSD) n = 6 2.72% 2.04% 1.14%