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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30902. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15614-4

Table 4.

Recoveries and accuracy for caffeine, ibuprofen and carbamazepine in 200 mL of spiked tap waters and river waters.

Matrix and Spiked Concentration Theoretical concentration [ng/L] Mean Measured Concentration (n = 3) [ng/L] Recovery (n = 3) [%]
Caffeine (CAF)
Tap water matrix 0.05 ± 0.01
Tap water + 1 ng 1.05 1.46 ± 0.04 138.94
Tap water + 5 ng 5.05 4.54 ± 0.12 89.79
Tap water + 10 ng 10.05 9.82 ± 0.26 97.75
Wisła matrix 75.42 ± 1.98
Wisła + 10 ng 85.42 85.60 ± 2.24 99.79
Ibuprofen (IBU)
Tap water matrix ND
Tap water + 1 ng 1.00 1.60 ± 0.050 159.52
Tap water + 5 ng 5.00 5.61 ± 0.17 112.14
Tap water + 10 ng 10.00 10.74 ± 0.33 107.41
Wisła matrix 19.06 ± 0.59
Wisła + 10 ng 29.06 29.01 ± 0.90 100.16
Carbamazepine (CBM)
Tap water matrix 0.96 ± 0.03
Tap water + 1 ng 1.96 1.52 ± 0.04 77.38
Tap water + 5 ng 5.96 5.60 ± 0.16 93.94
Tap water + 10 ng 10.96 11.07 ± 0.32 101.05
Wisła matrix 47.21 ± 1.34
Wisła + 10 ng 57.21 55.55 ± 1.58 103.00