Table 3.
Associated factors with presence of respiratory symptom.
| Associated factors | No symptom | Symptom | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis (Model 1) | Multivariable analysis (Model 2)* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | Crude OR [95%CI] | p-value | OR [95%CI] | p-value | Adjusted OR [95%CI] | p-value | |
| Age | ||||||||
| 0–15 | 83 (20.0) | 331 (80.0) | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 16–45 | 199 (39.0) | 311 (61.0) | 0.39 [0.29–0.53] | < 0.001 | 0.73 [0.51–1.03] | 0.08 | ||
| > 45 | 45 (34.4) | 86 (65.6) | 0.48 [0.31–0.74] | 0.001 | 0.90 [0.55–1.48] | 0.69 | ||
| Male gender | 176 (36.6) | 305 (63.4) | 0.61 [0.47–0.79] | < 0.001 | 0.58 [0.43–0.77] | < 0.001 | ||
| Influenza A | 1 (0.7) | 139 (99.3) | 75.75 [10.55–544.08] | < 0.001 | 53.97 [7.41–393.18] | < 0.001 | 53.34 [7.30–389.42] | < 0.001 |
| Influenza B | 1 (3.8) | 25 (96.2) | ||||||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 0 (0) | 66 (100) | ||||||
| Metapneumovirus | 0 (0) | 13 (100) | ||||||
| Adenovirus | 4 (25.0) | 12 (75.0) | ||||||
| Endemic coronaviruses | 14 (29.8) | 33 (70.2) | ||||||
|
SARS-CoV-2 (N = 741) |
5 (35.7) | 9 (64.3) | ||||||
| Virus co-infection | 2 (7.1) | 26 (92.9) | ||||||
| Human rhinovirus | 22 (21.4) | 81 (78.6) | 1.71 [1.05–2.80] | 0.03 | 1.01 [0.54–1.89] | 0.98 | 1.13 [0.60–2.12] | 0.70 |
| Haemophilus spp. | 149 (26.3) | 418 (73.7) | 1.56 [1.20–2.03] | 0.001 | 1.03 [0.72–1.47] | 0.87 | 1.03 [0.72–1.49] | 0.86 |
| S. pneumoniae | 64 (17.5) |
301 (82.5) |
2.83 [2.08–3.86] |
< 0.001 |
1.90 [1.22–2.94] |
0.004 |
1.90 [1.22–2.98] |
0.01 |
| S. aureus | 94 (32.6) | 194 (67.4) | 0.89 [0.66–1.18] | 0.41 | 0.94 [0.63–1.40] | 0.75 | 0.94 [0.63–1.42] | 0.78 |
| K. pneumoniae | 62 (48.8) | 65 (51.2) | 0.41 [0.28–0.60] | < 0.001 | 0.53 [0.34–0.83] | 0.006 | 0.58 [0.36–0.92] | 0.02 |
| M. catarrhalis | 45 (16.4) | 230 (83.6) | 2.84 [2.01–4.04] | < 0.001 | 1.77 [1.14–2.75] | 0.01 | 1.62 [1.03–2.55] | 0.04 |
| B. pertussis | 0 (0) |
1 (100) |
||||||
| M. pneumoniae | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| Bacteria co-infection | 121 (24.0) | 383 (76.0) | 1.84 [1.41–2.40] | < 0.001 | 1.14 [0.65–2.01] | 0.64 | 1.10 [0.62–1.96] | 0.74 |
| Virus-bacteria co-infection | 40 (12.0) | 294 (88.0) | 4.76 [3.31–6.83] | < 0.001 | 2.69 [1.69–4.29] | < 0.001 | 2.61 [1.62–4.20] | < 0.001 |
*Model 2: adjusted for age and gender of pilgrims.
Influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus, human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, virus co-infection, Bordetella pertussis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were not included in the analysis because of low prevalence.