Table 4.

Parameter values for the measurement model

Latent Variables / Observed Variables	Standardized Loadings	t-value	R 2
Self-Efficacy
Initiative	0.71	14.06*	0.51
Effort	0.89	17.51*	0.79
Persistence	0.53	10.40*	0.28
PIU
Lack of Control	0.77	16.90*	0.59
Escapism	0.60	12.02*	0.36
Disengagement	0.65	13.99*	0.43
Obsession	0.52	10.48*	0.27
Health and Interpersonal Trouble	0.68	14.62*	0.46
General Phubbing
Nomophobia	0.80	18.86*	0.63
Interpersonal Conflict	0.74	16.84*	0.54
Self-Isolation	0.93	24.13*	0.87
Problem Acknowledgment	0.56	11.99*	0.32

Note: R² represents the proportion of variance in the observed variables; ^* p < .05