Table 2.
Clinical and laboratory profiles of patients at admission, including assessment of metabolic comorbidities according to malaria severity
| Characteristic | Total (N = 289) | Non-severe malaria (N = 169) | Severe malaria (N = 120) | p-value | Crude OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | |||||
| Diabetes (new and known) | 36 (12.5) | 10 (5.9) | 26 (21.7) | < 0.001 | 4.31 (1.99–9.34) |
| New diagnosed diabetes | 21 (7.3) | 6 (3.6) | 15 (12.5) | 0.007 | 3.81 (1.43–10) |
| Diabetes diagnosed at admission1 | 14 (4.8) | 6 (3.6) | 8 (6.7) | 0.153 | 2.3 (0.73–7.21) |
| Diabetes confirmed at follow-up2 | 7 (46.7) | 2 (25.0) | 5 (71.4) | 0.085 | 7.50 (0.76–74) |
| Diabetes (undetermined) | 10 (3.5) | 4 (2.4) | 6 (5.0) | 0.238 | 2.17 (0.60–7.87) |
| Metabolic syndrome criteria (n = 264) | |||||
| Body-mass index (BMI) | |||||
| Mean BMI (kg/m2), SD | 26.7, 6 | 26.6, 6 | 26.6, 5 | 0.934 | |
| Underweight (< 18 kg/m2) | 8 (2.8) | 5 | 3 (2.5) | ||
| Normal (18–24.9 kg/m2) | 105 (36.3) | 62 (37.4) | 43 (35.8) | 0.848 | 1.15 (0.26–5.09) |
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 80 (27.7) | 45 (27.1) | 34 (28.3) | 0.763 | 1.26 (0.28–5.64) |
| Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 57 (19.7) | 33 (19.9) | 23 (19.2) | 0.848 | 1.16 (0.25–5.35) |
| Missing | 39 (13.5) | 21 (12.6) | 17 (14.2) | ||
| Waist circumference3 | |||||
| Normal | 83 (28.7) | 52 (31.3) | 31 (25.8) | ||
| Abnormal | 75 (26.0) | 36 (21.3) | 39 (32.5) | 0.199 | 1.87 (0.99–3.53) |
| Missing | 131 (45.3) | 81 (47.9) | 50 (41.7) | ||
| Hypertension4, | 92 (32.2) | 57 (34.3) | 35 (29.2) | 0.744 | 1.10 (0.62–1.96) |
| Reduced HDL cholesterol5 | 191 (70.2) | 106 (65.8) | 85 (76.6) | 0.057 | 1.70 (0.98–2.93) |
| Raised Triglycerides6 | 115 (43.1) | 54 (34.4) | 61 (55.5) | 0.001 | 2.37 (1.44–3.91) |
| Raised fasting blood glucose7 | 87 (36.2) | 39 (28.1) | 48 (47.5) | 0.002 | 2.32 (1.36–3.98) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 68 (25.8) | 27 (17.6) | 39 (35.8) | 0.001 | 2.6 (1.47–4.60) |
Data is presented as numbers and percentages (%) if not otherwise stated
1 ≥ 6.5%, RBS > 200 mg/dL)
2 These patients on admission had HbA1c ≥ 6.5 but RBS < 200 mg/dL and were tested for fasting plasma glucose (FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL) weeks after discharge from the hospital
3 Abnormal implies waist circumference ≥ 94 cm in men and ≥ 80 cm in women
4 known or SBP ≥ 130 mmHg on admission
5 ≤ 40 mg/dL (men), ≤ 50 mg/dL (women), 6 > 150 mg/dL, 7 ≥ 100 mg/dL