Table 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for incident arrhythmias according to objective indices of lung function*
| Quartile 1(Lowest) | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 (Highest) | Trend (per 1-SD decrease) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FEV1% Predicted | |||||
| Subjects, n | 4421 | 4421 | 4421 | 4421 | |
| Range of FEV1% Predicted (mean) | 11.0–79.6 (64.7) | 79.6–92.0 (86.1) | 92.0–103.0 (97.4) | 103.0–266.0 (112.2) | |
| Any arrhythmias, n | 2249 | 1909 | 1747 | 1503 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.32 (1.23–1.42) | 1.15 (1.07–1.24) | 1.11 (1.04–1.20) | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) |
| AF/AFL, n | 1367 | 1086 | 962 | 800 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.68 (1.52–1.85) | 1.26 (1.14–1.38) | 1.17 (1.07–1.29) | 1.00 | 1.24 (1.20–1.28) |
| VAs, n | 468 | 312 | 263 | 195 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.55 (1.29–1.86) | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) | 1.00 | 1.21 (1.14–1.29) |
| SSS, n | 158 | 174 | 169 | 133 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.14 (0.89–1.47) | 1.25 (0.99–1.57) | 1.25 (0.99–1.57) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) |
| High-grade AV block, n | 240 | 180 | 155 | 123 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.37 (1.08–1.73) | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) | 1.12 (0.88–1.42) | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) |
| PAC/PVC, n | 464 | 360 | 320 | 233 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.42 (1.20–1.69) | 1.23 (1.03–1.45) | 1.22 (1.02–1.44) | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.10–1.23) |
| FVC% Predicted | |||||
| Subjects, n | 4421 | 4421 | 4421 | 4421 | |
| Range of FVC% Predicted (mean) | 18.0–87.0 (75.8) | 87.0–98.0 (92.8) | 98.0–108.3 (103.0) | 108.3–311.0 (117.7) | |
| Any arrhythmias, n | 2212 | 1950 | 1720 | 1526 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 1.00 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) |
| AF/AFL, n | 1345 | 1094 | 958 | 818 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.48 (1.35–1.63) | 1.17 (1.06–1.28) | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 1.00 | 1.19 (1.15–1.23) |
| VAs, n | 452 | 338 | 248 | 200 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.50 (1.25–1.79) | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 1.00 | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) |
| SSS, n | 171 | 167 | 153 | 143 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.06 (0.84–1.35) | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) |
| High-grade AV block, n | 253 | 175 | 169 | 101 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.65 (1.29–2.12) | 1.29 (1.01–1.67) | 1.42 (1.11–1.82) | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) |
| PAC/PVC, n | 452 | 362 | 316 | 247 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.31 (1.11–1.55) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 1.00 | 1.10 (1.03–1.16) |
| FEV1/FVC% Predicted | |||||
| Subjects, n | 4421 | 4421 | 4421 | 4421 | |
| Range of FEV1/FVC% Predicted (mean) | 27.0–88.8 (78.5) | 88.8–95.8 (92.5) | 95.8–102.3 (98.8) | 102.3–160.0 (111.0) | |
| Any arrhythmias, n | 2144 | 1879 | 1801 | 1584 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.00 | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) |
| AF/AFL, n | 1283 | 1102 | 993 | 837 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.33 (1.20–1.47) | 1.08 (0.97–1.19) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.12–1.20) |
| VAs, n | 415 | 305 | 251 | 267 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) | 1.03 (0.85–1.26) | 0.88 (0.72–1.07) | 1.00 | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) |
| SSS, n | 157 | 160 | 194 | 123 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) | 1.38 (1.07–1.79) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.87–1.07) |
| High-grade AV block, n | 204 | 153 | 191 | 150 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 0.86 (0.66–1.11) | 1.09 (0.86–1.39) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
| PAC/PVC, n | 444 | 354 | 343 | 236 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 1.29 (1.07–1.56) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | 1.00 | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) |
Abbreviations: FEV1,forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, AF/AFL atrial fibrillation/flutter, VAs ventricular arrhythmias, SSS sick sinus syndrome, AV atrioventricular, PAC/PVC premature atrial/ventricular complexes, SD standard deviation
*Cox regression adjustment for sex, race and ethnicity, age, education level, history of hypertension, diabetes, prevalent coronary heart disease, heart failure, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, QTc interval, left ventricular hypertrophy, use of calcium antagonist, digoxin, and β-blocker