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. 2025 Aug 22;23:493. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-04345-y

Table 3.

Population attributable fraction (%) and 95% confidence intervals for incident arrhythmias across pulmonary disease phenotypes

Respiratory symptoms with normal spirometric results Restrictive impairment pattern Obstructive spirometry pattern Pooled
Any arrhythmias 1.7 (0–3.7) 3.0 (1.1–4.8) 11.3 (8.5–13.9) 10.7 (7.8–13.5)
AF/AFL 2.0 (0–5.1) 5.0 (1.4–8.3) 18.7 (14.4–22.7) 16.7 (12.4–20.8)
VAs 0.9 (0–0.6) 4.7 (0–9.5) 18.2 (11.5–24.3) 16.1 (9.0–22.8)
SSS 0 1.6 (0–7.6) 0 0
High-grade AV block 2.2 (0–8.7) 10.5 (3.4–17.0) 5.4 (0–14.5) 10.1 (0–19.4)
PAC/PVC 0 3.2 (0–7.7) 10.9 (4.3–17.0) 9.4 (2.3–17.0)

Abbreviations: AF/AFL atrial fibrillation/flutter, VAs ventricular arrhythmias, SSS sick sinus syndrome, AV atrioventricular, PAC/PVC premature atrial/ventricular complexes