Table 1.

Membraneless organelles formed by phase separation

Name	Location	Functions	Ref
Nucleolus	Nucleus	Provide a site for transcribing rRNA, processing it, and assembling ribosomal subunits.	[2]
Cajal bodies	Nucleus	Regulate RNA metabolism and assemble ribonucleoproteins.	[31]
Nuclear speckles	Nucleus	Store RNA processing factors or organize gene expression hubs.	[32]
Paraspeckles	Nucleus	Provide sites for nuclear mRNA retention or act as molecular sponges to sequester RNA-binding proteins (RBPs).	[33]
PML nuclear bodies	Nucleus	Mediate cell proliferation, transcription, antiviral defense, senescence.	[34]
P-bodies	Cytoplasm	Establish sites for mRNA storage, degradation, and surveillance to regulate gene expression and ensure mRNA quality control.	[35]
SGs	Cytoplasm	Coordinate mRNA translation, storage, and stress signaling.	[36]
P granules	Nucleus	Maintain germ cell fate and support embryonic development by regulating RNA metabolism and nucleocytoplasmic transport.	[37]
Nuclear stress bodies	Nucleus	Regulate transcription and splicing by sequestering proteins in response to stress.	[38]
Amyloid bodies	Nucleus	Construct a highly specialized structure to endure various stressors.	[39]
Germ granules	Cytoplasm	Coordinate RNA regulation, mRNA localization, and translational control within germ cells.	[40]