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. 2025 Aug 23;24:220. doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02428-1

Table 2.

The influence of different PTMs on phase separation

PTMs Targets Cancer type Regulation of phase separation Mechanism phenotype Ref
Phosphorylation HDAC6 Breast cancer Promotion Promote its nuclear entry and chromatin remodeling. Promote cancer cell proliferation. [89]
RNA Pol II Cervical cancer, osteosarcoma Promotion Promote transcriptional elongation and mRNA processing. Promote cancer cell proliferation. [90]
P53 Cervical cancer Promotion Enhance DNA binding activity. Inhibit tumor initiation and progression. [91]
FOXM1 Breast cancer Inhibition Reduce chromatin engagement. Inhibit tumor metastasis, restore tumor immunogenicity. [92]
CPSF6 Colorectal cancer Inhibition Shorten 3’ UTRs of cell-cycle-related genes to enhance mRNA stability and translation efficiency. Promote tumor cell proliferation. [93]
Lactylation P53 Cervical cancer, colorectal cancer Inhibition Inhibit DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Promote tumorigenesis. [94]
cGAS Cervical cancer, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, monocytic leukemia Inhibition Inhibit DNA recognition. Promote immune evasion. [95]
Methylation FUS Cervical cancer, neuroblastoma Inhibition Inhibit DNA damage repair. Promote genomic instability. [96]
Acetylation RB1CC1 Breast cancer Promotion Inhibit its ubiquitination and degradation. Promote tumor cell autophagy and growth. [99]
H2A Cervical cancer, osteosarcoma Promotion Inhibit DNA repairing. Promote genomic instability and tumorigenesis. [100]
IRF3/IRF7 Osteosarcoma Inhibition Inhibit IFN-I induction. Promote immune evasion. [101]
Ubiquitination PAICS Melanoma Promotion Facilitate constitutive purinosomes formation. Promote cancer cell proliferation. [103]
PLK4 Neuroblastoma Inhibition Inhibit mitosis. Inhibit cell proliferation. [102]
SUMOylation Telomere-binding proteins Osteosarcoma Promotion Activate the ALT pathway. Promote replicative immortality of cancer cells. [104]
PARylation CycT1 Cervical cancer Inhibition Promote DNA repair. Promote tumorigenesis. [106]
Neddylation PML/RARα Leukemia Inhibition Enhance DNA-binding ability and inhibit the formation of PML nuclear bodies. Promote the development and progression of APL. [107]