Table 3.

Tumor therapeutic strategies based on biomolecular phase separation

Strategy	Reagent	Target	Mechanism	Cancer type	Ref
Promote condensation	CGX-635	fibrillarin	Inhibit pre-rRNA processing and reducing cell survival.	AML	[280]
	RQ	β-catenin	Sequester β-catenin away from the nucleus to induce cancer cell death.	Liver cancer	[281]
	CPs	TGFβ1 mRNA	Promote the encapsulation of TGFβ1 mRNA in RNA droplets and reduce the immunosuppressive capability of tumor cells.	Breast cancer	[282]
	Bilobetin	EHF	Promote telomere shortening and tumor cell senescence.	Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma	[283]
	XS561	Nur77	Promote mitochondria-related apoptosis.	Breast cancer	[284]
	ATRA	RARα	Promote CD38 expression to augment the efficacy of anti-CD38 CAR T cells.	Multiple myeloma	[285]
	IcFSP1	FSP1	Enhance ferroptosis.	Pan-cancer	[286]
Inhibit condensation	JQ1	BRD4	Suppress transcriptional activity.	Cervical cancer, breast Cancer	[287]
	GSK-J4	SP1	Inhibit SE activation and oncogene expression.	Lung adenocarcinoma	[288]
	ETS-006	YAP/TEAD	Disrupt YAP/TEAD-mediated LLPS and downstream oncogenic signaling pathways.	Diverse solid tumor	[289]
	ET516	AR	Inhibit AR transcriptional activity and overcome antiandrogen resistance.	Prostate cancer	[290]
	Chidamide	RIOK1	Disrupt SGs LLPS and reverse drug resistance.	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[150]
	ATO	N-Myc	Inhibit N-Myc transcriptional activity and reduce oncogene expression.	Neuroblastoma	[291, 292]
	Olaparib	FUS	Impair PARylation-related DNA repair Condensates.	Cervical cancer	[111]
	XL-3156/XL-3158	cGAS	Inhibit cGAS-DNA LLPS and block immune signal transduction.	Leukemia	[293]
	PROTAC	BRD4	Degrade BRD4 and inhibit oncogene transcription.	Cervical cancer	[294]
	ZZW-115	NUPR1	Inhibit SGs formation and promote tumor cell death.	Pancreatic cancer	[295]
	Chiral nanomaterials	SGs	Enhance chemosensitivity in tumor cells.	Cervical carcinoma, osteosarcoma, colon cancer, gastric cancer	[296]