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. 2025 Aug 23;20:34. doi: 10.1186/s13021-025-00313-4

Table 3.

Normality tests

ACO2 ATECH ACRD AGRW AEMP INT
Skewness 3.831487 3.034156 4.389591 4.177158 0.106815 2.048602
Kurtosis 16.72561 12.50385 28.15509 20.87106 1.981041 7.326479
Jarque–Bera 4736.341*** 2436.996*** 13,605.51*** 7459.077*** 20.77502*** 680.5222***
Shapiro-Wilks 0.40293*** 0.58560*** 0.52441*** 0.42557*** 0.96551*** 0.73327***
lnACO2 = ƒ(lnATECH, lnACRD, lnAGRW, lnAEMP, lnINT) Statistic
Mardia Skewness 12.11572***
Mardia Kurtosis 51.53838***
Henze-Zirkler 6.36242***
Doornik-Hansen 9.10926***

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10