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. 2025 Aug 23;25:1191. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07773-9

Table 3.

Factors associated with IS, multivariate analysis

IS
OR OR (95% CI) p value
Gender
 Male Ref.
 Female 1.40 (0.95- 2.07) 0.08
 MAAS scores 0.36 (0.27- 0.49) <0.001
Daily Time Spent on Social Media (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, TikTok)
 Less than 1 hour Ref.
 1 to 3 hours 1.27 (0.67 – 2.38) 0.45
 More than 3 hours 1.52 (0.79 – 2.89) 0.20
Regular Participation in Sports, Social, or Artistic Activities (At Least 1 Hour per Week)
 Yes Ref.
 No 1.58 (1.07- 2.33) 0.02