Table 4.

Viscoelasticity

	AS (n = 50)	non-AS (n = 32)	95% CI of Difference	t-value	df	P	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Frequency [Hz]
TA	24.75 ± 9.75	20.84 ± 2.71	0.99 ~ 6.83	2.676	60.19	0.010**	0.50
LG	15.15 ± 2.39	14.04 ± 1.28	0.31 ~ 1.93	2.744	77.94	0.008**	0.56
MG	14.28 ± 1.55	13.56 ± 0.88	0.19 ~ 1.26	2.705	78.99	0.008**	0.45
PL	15.25 ± 1.60	14.82 ± 1.30	-0.25 ~ 1.10	1.263	80	0.210	0.30
Stiffness [N/m]
TA	461.53 ± 87.17	413.28 ± 68.20	13.91 ~ 82.59	2.798	76.68	0.010**	0.60
LG	285.95 ± 59.96	258.45 ± 39.56	5.62 ~ 49.37	2.501	79.90	0.014*	0.52
MG	265.32 ± 41.81	245.23 ± 30.14	4.24 ~ 35.93	2.524	78.78	0.021*	0.53
PL	314.09 ± 43.71	295.48 ± 36.09	0.82 ~ 36.39	2.084	74.62	0.049*	0.46
Decrement
TA	1.27 ± 0.23	1.33 ± 0.40	-0.22 ~ 0.10	-0.760	43.74	0.451	0.16
LG	1.32 ± 0.20	1.25 ± 0.18	-0.02 ~ 0.16	1.635	80	0.106	0.37
MG	1.39 ± 0.19	1.33 ± 0.16	-0.02 ~ 0.14	1.455	80	0.150	0.33
PL	1.10 ± 0.16	1.11 ± 0.19	-0.08 ~ 0.08	-0.025	80	0.980	0.06
Relaxation [ms]
TA	12.50 ± 1.96	13.64 ± 1.79	-1.98 ~ -0.30	-2.708	70.64	0.010**	0.60
LG	19.00 ± 2.54	19.92 ± 2.03	-1.93 ~ 0.09	-1.811	75.97	0.088	0.39
MG	19.27 ± 2.07	19.97 ± 1.59	-1.51 ~ 0.10	-1.737	77.27	0.105	0.37
PL	17.43 ± 1.94	18.40 ± 1.97	-1.85 ~ -0.08	-2.171	65.45	0.032**	0.50
Creep
TA	0.82 ± 0.11	0.89 ± 0.10	-0.12 ~ -0.02	-2.841	72.54	0.007**	0.67
LG	1.22 ± 0.14	1.25 ± 0.14	-0.09 ~ 0.04	-0.800	80	0.426	0.22
MG	1.22 ± 0.12	1.24 ± 0.11	-0.07 ~ 0.03	-0.674	80	0.502	0.18
PL	1.13 ± 0.18	1.19 ± 0.11	-0.12 ~ 0.01	-1.822	79.83	0.104	0.39

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Mean difference, 95% confidence interval (CI), t-value, degrees of freedom (df), and p-value are shown. Effect size is calculated as Cohen’s d (small ≥ 0.2, medium ≥ 0.5, large ≥ 0.8). AS: Ankle sprain group; non-AS: non-ankle sprain group, TA; tibialis anterior, LG; lateral gastrocnemius, MG; medial gastrocnemius, PL; peroneus longus, *; p ≤ 0.05, **; p ≤ 0.01