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. 2025 Aug 23;17:352. doi: 10.1186/s13098-025-01888-1

Table 4.

Summary of ongoing studies

PI NCT Statusa Nb Medication Follow up Main outcomes Results
Vaillancourt [45] NCT03456687 Completed 5 Exenatide 1 year

Change in free-water accumulation in the substantia nigra

Change in BOL signal in the posterior putamen

Change in BOL signal in M1

Change in BOL signal in the SMA

NA
Foltynie [46] NCT04232969 Active, not recruiting 194 Exenatide 2 years

MDS-UPDRS Part III (ON state)

MDS-UPDRS Part IV and II (OFF state)

PHQ-9

PDQ-39

NMSS

NA
Min Ho Ihm [47] NCT04269642 Unknown 99 Exenatide SR 60 weeks

MDS-UPDRS Part III

Specific to non-specific binding ratio (confirmed by PET scan)

MDS-UPDRS Part I, II, and IV

PDQ-39

MoCA

NMSS

NA
NA [48] NCT03659682 Not yet recruiting 120 Semaglutide 48 months

MDS-UPDRS Part III (OFF state)

Levodopa equivalents

Nigrostriatal degeneration (assessed by changes in DAT-scan uptake)

Cognitive function

NA
Svenningsson [49] NCT04305002 Unknown 60 Exenatide 21 months

MDS-UPDRS Part III (ON and OFF states)

MDS-UPDRS II and IV

Accelerometer (intensity of physical activity)

Accelerometer (steps per day)

NA

BOL Blood Oxygen Level-dependent, MDR-UPDRS Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NA not available, NMSS National Multiple Sclerosis Society, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire, PDQ-39 Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire, PI principal investigator, SR sustained release, SMA Supplementary Motor Area

a The recruitment status as found in the registration protocol of the trials

b The actual enrollment (not the estimated enrollment) as found in the registration protocol of the trials