Table 2.

Phubbing framework: domains, themes, and definitions

Domain	Theme	Definition
Perceptions		Roles of smartphone use in modern society and their social implications
	Active danger	Negative effects associated with smartphone use (e.g. bullying, echo chambers)
	Distraction	Neutral effects associated with smartphone use
	Legitimate tool	Positive effects associated with smartphone use (e.g. research, community)
Explanations		Respondents’ conceptualizations of antecedents to phubbing behaviors
	Person-centered	The perception of phubbing behaviors as internally or externally manageable
	Principle-centered	How higher-order concepts (e.g. ethics, empathy) affect phubbing
	Emotion-centered	How specific emotions (FoMO, anxiety, boredom, etc.) affect phubbing
	Economic/ Utilitarian	How perceived utility and risk/benefit analyses influence phubbing decisions
Consequences		Specific outcomes of phubbing behavior (e.g. normalization, split attention)
	Feelings	Emotional effects of phubbing on phubbers and phubbees
	Attention span and multitasking	Effects on attention span and split attention
	Socialization	Further social effects following the rise of phubbing (e.g. normalization)
	Clinical	Effects of phubbing in the clinical environment
Recommendations		Strategies to address phubbing and phone use trends as suggested by CAP fellows
	Incremental	Quantitative strategies to reduce exposure of children and adolescents to devices
	Categorical	Qualitative strategies to adjust how children and adolescents are exposed to and use devices