Table 1.

Association studies between the genes analyzed and schizophrenia

Study	Gene/Variant	Population	Findings
Bocchio Chiavetto et al., 2002 [26]	IL-10 −1082 G/A, − 819 T/C, − 592 C/A	European population; 106 cases/143 controls	Significant increase of GCC in schizophrenic patients compared with controls
Qin et al., 2013 [27]	TNF-α rs1800629	Caucasian and Asian population 4340 cases/5745 controls	No association with schizophrenia
He et al., 2022 [28]	TNF-α rs1800629, rs361525,	Multiethnic meta-analysis 6465 cases/6866 controls	Significant association (especially in Asians)
Kang et al., 2022 [29]	TNF-α rs1800629	Korean population 55 cases	A-allele carriers associated with impaired fronto-temporal connectivity in the risk to schizophrenia
Alfimova et al., 2022 [30]	TNF-α rs1800629	Russian population 546 cases	Interaction between childhood adversity and in the pathogenesis to schizophrenia
Sotelo-Ramírez et al., 2023 [31]	TLR2 rs3804099, rs7656411, rs5743709. TLR6 rs5743810, rs3775073, rs5743827	Mexican population; 191 cases/217 controls	Significant association between TLR2/rs5743709 and schizophrenia
Mikhalitskaya et al., 2023 [32]	IL-10 rs180087, rs1800872, rs1800896, rs6676671 TNF-α rs1799724, rs1800629	Multiethnic case-control narrative review	Association between IL-10 and schizophrenia
Gonzalez-Castro et al., 2024 [33]	IL-10 rs1800871, rs1800872, rs1800896	Multiethnic meta-analysis; 22 case-control studies, n = 4993 cases/5195 controls	IL-10 confers an increased risk of schizophrenia.
Datsjerdi et al., 2025 [34]	TNF-α rs1800629	Asian and Caucasian population 7624 cases/8933 controls	No association with schizophrenia