Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study participants
| Variables | Overall (n = 15,842) | Non-Arthritis (n = 10,093) | Arthritis (n = 5,749) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 52.38 ± 0.19 | 47.43 ± 0.21 | 61.52 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Race, % | < 0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 3101 (19.6%) | 2318 (14.6%) | 783 (4.9%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1412 (8.9%) | 936 (5.9%) | 476 (3.0%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 6903 (43.6%) | 3916 (24.7%) | 2987 (18.9%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3233 (20.4%) | 2050 (12.9%) | 1183 (7.5%) | |
| Other race | 1193 (7.5%) | 873 (5.5%) | 320 (2.0%) | |
| Family PIR | 2.81 ± 0.03 | 2.86 ± 0.04 | 2.72 ± 0.04 | < 0.001 |
| Education level, % | < 0.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 4763 (30.1%) | 2899 (18.3%) | 1864 (11.8%) | |
| High school | 1540 (9.7%) | 925 (5.8%) | 615 (3.9%) | |
| More than high school | 9539 (60.2%) | 6269 (39.6%) | 3270 (20.6%) | |
| Marital status, % | < 0.001 | |||
| Having a partner | 9398 (59.3%) | 6524 (41.2%) | 2874 (18.1%) | |
| No partner | 5302 (33.5%) | 2692 (17.0%) | 2610 (16.5%) | |
| Unmarried | 1142 (7.2%) | 877 (5.5%) | 265 (1.7%) | |
| Hypertension, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 8231 (52.0%) | 6381 (40.3%) | 1850 (11.7%) | |
| Yes | 7611 (48.0%) | 3712 (23.4%) | 3899 (24.6%) | |
| DM, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 12,796 (80.8%) | 8678 (54.8%) | 4118 (26.0%) | |
| Yes | 3046 (19.2%) | 1415 (8.9%) | 1631 (10.3%) | |
| Smoker, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 9892 (62.4%) | 6677 (42.1%) | 3215 (20.3%) | |
| Former | 3185 (20.1%) | 1697 (10.7%) | 1488 (9.4%) | |
| Now | 2765 (17.5%) | 1719 (10.9%) | 1046 (6.6%) | |
| Alcohol user, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 3585 (22.6%) | 2240 (14.1%) | 1345 (8.5%) | |
| Former | 2989 (18.9%) | 1647 (10.4%) | 1342 (8.5%) | |
| Mild | 4507 (28.4%) | 2785 (17.6%) | 1722 (10.9%) | |
| Moderate | 2647 (16.7%) | 1838 (11.6%) | 809 (5.1%) | |
| Heavy | 2114 (13.3%) | 1583 (10.0%) | 531 (3.4%) | |
| Work activity, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 9317 (58.8%) | 5787 (36.5%) | 3530 (22.3%) | |
| Yes | 6525 (41.2%) | 4306 (27.2%) | 2219 (14.0%) | |
| Recreational activity, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 10,663 (67.3%) | 6520 (41.2%) | 4143 (26.2%) | |
| Yes | 5179 (32.7%) | 3573 (22.6%) | 1606 (10.1%) | |
| Menopause status, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 3112 (19.6%) | 2786 (17.6%) | 326 (2.1%) | |
| Yes | 12,730 (80.4%) | 7307 (46.1%) | 5423 (34.2%) | |
| Oral contraceptive use, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 5467 (34.5%) | 3214 (20.3%) | 2253 (14.2%) | |
| Yes | 10,375 (65.5%) | 6879 (43.4%) | 3496 (22.1%) | |
| Use female hormones, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 12,059 (76.1%) | 8416 (53.1%) | 3643 (23.0%) | |
| Yes | 3783 (23.9%) | 1677 (10.6%) | 2106 (13.3%) | |
| Had a hysterectomy, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 11,358 (71.7%) | 8101 (51.1%) | 3257 (20.6%) | |
| Yes | 4484 (28.3%) | 1992 (12.6%) | 2492 (15.7%) | |
| Both ovaries removed, % | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 13,120 (82.8%) | 8943 (56.5%) | 4177 (26.4%) | |
| Yes | 2722 (17.2%) | 1150 (11.4%) | 1572 (9.9%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.34 ± 0.09 | 28.58 ± 0.10 | 30.75 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 97.40 ± 0.21 | 95.18 ± 0.24 | 101.49 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 |
| Hb, g/dL | 13.47 ± 0.02 | 13.41 ± 0.02 | 13.56 ± 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Mean energy | 1756.33 ± 6.96 | 1790.74 ± 9.09 | 1692.90 ± 9.97 | < 0.001 |
| Intake (kcal/day) | ||||
| FBG, mg/dL | 104.23 ± 0.31 | 101.21 ± 0.29 | 109.79 ± 0.52 | < 0.001 |
| Alk, U/L | 71.20 ± 0.33 | 69.29 ± 0.37 | 74.71 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 |
| Total protein, g/dL | 7.10 ± 0.01 | 7.12 ± 0.01 | 7.06 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 139.20 ± 0.07 | 139.16 ± 0.07 | 139.27 ± 0.08 | 0.079 |
| Phosphorus, mmol/L | 3.78 ± 0.01 | 3.77 ± 0.01 | 3.80 ± 0.01 | 0.004 |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 9.39 ± 0.01 | 9.36 ± 0.01 | 9.44 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| Potassium, mg/dL | 3.98 ± 0.01 | 3.96 ± 0.01 | 4.01 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 202.06 ± 0.52 | 199.73 ± 0.57 | 206.36 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 125.64 ± 0.93 | 119.27 ± 1.13 | 137.40 ± 1.61 | < 0.001 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 58.11 ± 0.25 | 58.12 ± 0.28 | 58.09 ± 0.37 | 0.953 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 13.34 ± 0.08 | 12.42 ± 0.08 | 15.04 ± 0.10 | < 0.001 |
| Scr, mg/dL | 0.78 ± 0.00 | 0.75 ± 0.00 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| UA, mg/dL | 4.84 ± 0.01 | 4.66 ± 0.01 | 5.18 ± 0.02 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 90.92 ± 0.32 | 96.37 ± 0.32 | 80.87 ± 0.41 | < 0.001 |
| AFB, years | 22.60 ± 0.09 | 22.90 ± 0.10 | 22.04 ± 0.11 | < 0.001 |
| ALB, years | 29.18 ± 0.08 | 29.24 ± 0.09 | 29.08 ± 0.13 | 0.235 |
| Number of live births, times | 2.86 ± 0.02 | 2.75 ± 0.02 | 3.06 ± 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Number of pregnancies, times | 3.60 ± 0.02 | 3.48 ± 0.02 | 3.84 ± 0.04 | < 0.001 |
| Age at menarche, years | 12.74 ± 0.02 | 12.78 ± 0.02 | 12.67 ± 0.03 | 0.003 |
| Age at menopause, years | 42.07 ± 0.13 | 41.09 ± 0.15 | 43.86 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 |
| Fertile lifespan, years | 29.33 ± 0.13 | 28.32 ± 0.15 | 31.19 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: DM diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, CHD coronary heart disease, CHF congestive heart failure, Hb hemoglobin, FBG fast glucose, Alk Alkaline phosphatase, BUN blood urea nitrogen, UA uric acid, Scr serum creatinine, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, AFB age at first birth, ALB age at last birth
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%)