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. 2025 Aug 23;25:881. doi: 10.1186/s12884-025-07902-8

Table 4.

Sociodemographic predictors of caesarean section among respondents

Variables Mode of delivery cOR (95% CI), p-value aOR (95% CI), p-value
SVD (290) n (%) CS(28) n (%)
Age At Delivery (unit)
 < 30 211(93.4) 15(6.6) Ref Ref
 30 +  79(85.9) 13(14.1) 2.31(1.05–5.08), 0.036 2.27(1.01–5.12), 0.048
Educational level
 no formal education 106(92.2) 9(7.8) Ref
 formal education 184(90.6) 19(9.4) 1.22(0.53–2.78), 0.643
Husband’s Educational Level
 no formal education 123(92.5) 10(7.5) Ref
 formal education 167(90.3) 18(9.7) 1.33(0.59–2.97), 0.494
Occupation
 no employment 44(89.8) 5(10.2) Ref
 employed 246(91.5) 23(8.5) 0.82(0.30–2.28), 0.707
Husband’s Occupation
 none civil servant 250(90.6) 26(9.4) Ref
 civil servant 40(95.2) 2(4.8) 0.48(0.11–2.10), 0.331
Ethnicity
 Others (akan, ewe, guan) 38(88.4) 5(11.6) Ref
 Mole Dagbani 252(91.6) 23(8.4) 0.69(0.25- 1.93), 0.484
Marital Status
 single 83(92.2) 7(7.8) Ref
 married 206(90.8) 21(9.2) 1.21(0.50–2.95), 0.677
Religion
 Islam 260(90.9) 26(9.1) Ref
 Christian 27(93.1) 2(6.9) 0.74(0.17–3.29), 0.693
Residence
 urban 188(89.1) 23(10.9) Ref Ref
 rural 99(96.1) 4(3.9) 0.33(0.11–0.98), 0.046 0.31(0.10–0.92), 0.036
Type of Family
 Nuclear 198(89.6) 23(10.4) Ref
 Extended 92(94.9) 5(5.1) 0.47(0.17–1.27), 0.136
Number of Household
 1–6 165(90.7) 17(9.3) Ref
 7 +  125(91.9) 11(8.1) 0.85(0.39–1.89), 0.697
Maternal Income (GH₵)
 none 50(89.3) 6(10.7) Ref
 10 +  240(91.6) 22(8.4) 0.76(0.29–1.98), 0.580
Husband Income (GH₵)
 can’t tell 84(93.3) 6(6.7) Ref
 100 +  206(90.4) 22(9.6) 1.50(0.59–3.82), 0.400
Monthly Household Expenditure (GH₵)
 ≤ 1000 130(89.7) 15(10.3) Ref
 1001 +  160(92.5) 13(7.5) 0.70(0.32–1.53), 0.377
NHIS status
 no 14(93.3) 1(6.7) Ref
 yes 276(91.1) 27(8.9) 1.37(0.17–10.82), 0.766
Wealth index
 low 178(90.4) 19(9.6) Ref
 high 112(92.6) 9(7.4) 0.75(0.33–1.72), 0.501