Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| First author and year | Study design | Sample size | Country | Sepsis definition | Study population – ward or ICU? | Non-Sepsis Comparator group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barrett 2024 | Retrospective cohort study | 927,057 | Canada | ICD-10 codes | Results not reported stratified by ICU and ward. Admission to ICU present in propensity score model. | Hospitalized non-sepsis controls (matched) |
| Braun 2004 | Retrospective cohort study | 2,834 | United States | Sepsis-1 definition using ICD-9-CM codes for sepsis and organ dysfunction | Results not reported stratified by ICU and ward | None |
| Chang 2015 | Retrospective cohort study | 240,198 | United States | ICD-9-CM codes for septicemia, septicemic, bacteremia, disseminated fungal infection, disseminated candida infection, disseminated fungal endocarditis, using the Martin implementation [53] | Not specified | Hospitalizations with congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction |
| Farrah 2021 | Retrospective cohort study | 270,669 | Canada | Sepsis-2 using ICD-10 codes | Stratified by ICU and ward | Hospitalized, non-sepsis comparator group (propensity matched controls) |
| Fleischmann-Struzek 2021 | Retrospective cohort study | 159,684 | Germany | Sepsis-1 and sepsis-2 using ICD-10 codes | Stratified by ICU and ward | None |
| Gadre 2019 | Retrospective cohort study | 1,030,335 | United States | ICD-9 codes | Not specified | None |
| Goodwin 2015 | Retrospective cohort study | 43,452 | United States | ICD-9 codes | Not specified | None |
| Lee 2004 | Prospective cohort study | 502 | Canada | Not stated | ICU only | None |
| Letarte 2002 | Retrospective cohort study | 35 (followed up) | Canada | ICD-9 codes for septic shock and septicemia/sepsis | Results not reported stratified by ICU and ward | None |
| Mageau 2019 | Retrospective cohort study | 28,522 SLE patients, of which 1,068 experienced septic shock | France | ICD-10 diagnostic codes for both infection and shock | Results not reported stratified by ICU and ward | SLE patients who did not have sepsis |
| Nissenson 2005 | Retrospective cohort study | 11,572 | United States | ICD-9 code indicating sepsis caused by S. aureus | Not specified | An end-stage renal disease comparator group was used only for comparisons of the costs of the index hospitalization |
| Pandolfi 2023 | Retrospective cohort study | 147,013 | France | Study specific definition combining implicit and explicit sepsis codes in health administrative records | Results not reported stratified by ward and ICU | None |
| Paoli 2018 | Retrospective cohort study | 2,566,689 | United States | ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for sepsis, stratified by severity (septic shock, severe sepsis, sepsis without organ dysfunction, other), or if subjects were reimbursed under a sepsis DRG code with an associated diagnosis of bacteremia | Results not reported stratified by ICU and ward | None |
| Prescott 2014 | Retrospective cohort study | 1,404 | United States | ICD-9-CM codes using the Angus definition [54] | Results not reported stratified by ICU and ward | None |
| Puceta 2024 | Retrospective cohort study | 28,450 | Latvia | ICD-10 codes | Not specified | Non-sepsis hospitalizations (matched) |
| Rose 2023 | Retrospective cohort study | 159,684 | Germany | ICD-10 codes | Results not reported stratified by ICU and ward | None |
| Sankaran 2024 | Retrospective cohort study | 324,694 | United States | MS-DRG criteria based on ICD codes | Not specified | None |
| Schmidt 2022 | Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study | 210 | Germany | Sepsis-1 using ICD-10 codes | ICU only | None |
| Stinehart 2024 | Retrospective cohort study | 106,189 | United States | ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes | Not specified | None |
| Tew 2021 | Retrospective cohort study | 160,511 | Canada | Sepsis-3 definition, using ICD-10 codes | Not specified | Cancer patients without sepsis |
| Thompson 2018 | Retrospective cohort study | 3,442 | Australia | Sepsis-1 and Sepsis-3 | ICU only | Admitted to ICU with no diagnosis of sepsis |
| Weycker 2003 | Retrospective cohort study | 16,019 | United States | ICD-9 codes, identifying hospitalization with bacterial or fungal infection and organ dysfunction (severe sepsis) | Not specified | None |
| Winkler 2023 | Retrospective cohort study | 41,918 | Germany | ICD-10 codes | Stratified by ICU and ward | None |
ICD: International Classification of Diseases
ICU: Intensive Care Unit
MS-DRG: Medicare Severity Diagnosis-Related Groups
SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
ESRD: End-Stage Renal Disease
LOS: Length of Stay