Fig. 4.

Relative risks (RR) of reduced cell viability associated with exposure of various bacterial species in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD). A–D RR of reduced cell viability upon exposure to various bacteria in A all cells, B enterocyte-rich areas, C immune cell-rich areas, and D tuft cell-rich areas. Statistically significant results are presented (Benjamini–Hochberg method, significance threshold of 0.05). Green dots indicate bacteria previously reported to decrease CD risk, while red dots indicate bacteria known to increase CD risk. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. E Comparison of the fraction of damaged cells (> 10% mitochondrial reads) between bacteria-exposed and non-exposed cells across different cell types. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗ ∗ P < 0.005; ∗ ∗ ∗ P < 0.0005 (Mann–Whitney two-sided test). F RR of reduced cell viability for various Escherichia coli strains