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. 2025 Aug 23;33:35. doi: 10.1186/s12998-025-00598-9

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of Australian and New Zealand osteopaths who report often versus not often treating non-musculoskeletal complaints

Often Not often p-value
Gender (n, %)
Male (n = 701) 92 (54.2%) 609 (56.0%) 0.82
Female (n = 555) 78 (45.8%) 477 (43.8%)
Other (n = 1) 0 1 (0.1%)
Age (years, n = 1254)
Mean (± SD) 44.7 (± 11.3) 38.7 (± 11.3) < 0.01*
Years in clinical practice (n = 1239)
Mean (± SD) 16.2 (± 10.0) 11.5 (± 9.2) < 0.01^
Patient care hours per week (n = 1251)
Mean (± SD) 29.2 (± 11.6) 27.7 (± 11.9) 0.12
Patient visits per week (n = 1050)
Mean (± SD) 37.6 (± 21.3) 35.1 (± 19.3) 0.14
Country of practice (n = 1257)
Australia 126 (74.2%) 854 (78.6%) 0.23
New Zealand 44 (25.9%) 233 (21.4%)
Qualification (n, %)
Diploma 82 (7.6%) 21 (12.3%) < 0.01
Advanced diploma 10 (0.9%) 2 (1.2%)
Bachelor’s degree 246 (22.7%) 42 (24.7%)
Master’s degree 717 (66.3%) 85 (50.0%)
PhD 3 (0.3%) 3 (1.7%)
Other 24 (2.2%) 17 (10.0%)
Involved in as an osteopath (n, %)
University teaching 28 (16.5%) 112 (10.3%) 0.02#
Clinical supervision (students) 31 (18.2%) 141 (13.0%) 0.06
Research 15 (8.8%) 60 (5.5%) 0.13
Volunteer 45 (26.5%) 162 (14.9%) < 0.01@

* d = 0.53 95%CI[0.36–0.69]; ^ d = 0.50 95%[0.34–0.67]; # OR = 1.72 95%CI[1.09–2.70]; @ OR = 2.05 95%CI[1.41-3.00]