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. 2025 Aug 23;33:35. doi: 10.1186/s12998-025-00598-9

Table 4.

Statistically significant variables and their associated adjusted odds ratios for Australian and new Zealand osteopaths who report often treating non-musculoskeletal complaints

95% Confidence interval
Adjusted OR Lower Upper p-value
Age 1.03 1.00 1.05 0.007
Send referrals to a podiatrist (yes) 0.57 0.37 0.87 0.010
Send referrals to an acupuncturist (yes) 0.62 0.39 0.97 0.039
Receive referrals from a physiotherapist (yes) 1.66 1.07 2.58 0.024
Treat patients up to age 3 years (often) 3.05 1.89 4.90 < 0.001
Treat patients with hip musculoskeletal complaints (often) 0.33 0.17 0.63 0.001
Treat patients with knee musculoskeletal complaints (often) 1.91 1.02 3.57 0.042
Treat patients with foot musculoskeletal complaints (often) 1.81 1.07 3.05 0.027
Treat patients with temporomandibular joint disorders (often) 2.01 1.23 3.28 0.005
Treat patients with chronic or persistent pain (often) 2.12 1.27 3.56 0.004
Treat patients with migraine (often) 1.75 1.10 2.79 0.018
Discuss diet (often) 1.99 1.27 3.14 0.003
Discuss nutritional supplements (often) 1.76 1.13 2.75 0.013
Use autonomic balancing (often) 2.11 1.29 3.46 0.003
Use Osteopathy in the Cranial Field (OCF) techniques (often) 2.05 1.20 3.51 0.009
Use visceral techniques (often) 3.54 2.15 5.83 < 0.001

OR: Odds ratio