Table 2.
Summary of main results on the association of urinary NGAL with nephrotic syndrome
| Study | NGAL measurement | Main findings |
|---|---|---|
| Bennet et al. |
ELISA kit (BioPorto Diagnostics, Gentofte Denmark) |
Urinary NGAL were higher in SRNS (172.3 ng/ml, IQR 18.8–789) than both SSNS (6.3 ng/ml, IQR 4.9–9.9) and healthy controls (6.5 ng/ml, IQR 4.2–9.1). NGAL was inversely correlated with serum with eGFR. (r = -.5, p < .001). |
| Bennet et al. |
ELISA kit (BioPorto Diagnostics, Gentofte Denmark) |
Urinary NGAL were significantly higher in SRNS (30.77, 95CI% 15.01–63.08) than SSNS patients (5.57, 95CI% 3.10–10.00) |
| Bienias et al. | ELISA kit (USCNK, China) | Serum NGAL (12.36, range 3.7–23.03) and NGAL/Cr ratio (0.30, range 0.03–2.23) were higher in nephrotic syndrome patients than healthy controls [(4.77, range 2.1–10.4) and (0.12, range 0.01–1.07)]. Serum NGAL was not correlated with number of relapses. |
| Chehade et al. | ELISA kit (Architect i1000SR (Abbott Diagnostics, North Chicago, IL) | Urinary NGAL/Cr were higher in patients with FSGS than in patients with MCD (8.3, IQR 2.1–27.4) vs. (l, IQR 0.5–1.8). The AUC for the NGAL/Cr ratio as a biomarker to distinguish FSGS from MCD was 0.76 |
| Choudhary et al. | ELISA kit (not specified) | Urinary NGAL were significantly higher in SRNS (701.12 ± 371.64 ng/mL) than in patients with SSNS (252.87 ± 66.34 ng/mL). Urinary NGAL had a strong discriminative power at a concentration of 13.1 ng/ml to detect SRNS (AUC: 0.90), based on the ROC curve analysis. Urinary NGAL correlated with eGFR and urine vitamin d binding protein levels. |
| El-Gamasy et al. |
ELISA kit (BioPorto Diagnostics, Gentofte Denmark) |
Urinary NGAL were significantly higher in SRNS (47.13 ± 14.06) than SSNS patients(24.13 ± 67.85). Urinary NGAL had a strong discriminative power to detect SRNS (AUC: 0.92). Urinary NGAL correlated with Cr level and disease duration. |
| Ezzat et al. | ELISA kit (not specified) | Serum (73.4 ng/mL ± 16.4) and urinary NGAL (5.8 ± 5.5) were higher in SSNS patients than healthy controls [(45.6 ng/mL ± 16.7)and (2.9 ± 1.1)]. |
| Gacka et al. |
ELISA kit (BioPorto Diagnostics, Gentofte Denmark) |
No statistically significant correlation between the cyclosporine concentration and urinary NGAL concentration. However, NGAL was correlated with the duration of treatment |
| Gheissari et al. |
ELISA kit (BioPorto Diagnostics, Gentofte Denmark) |
Serum NGAL were higher in nephrotic syndrome patients (25.62 ng/mL ± 13.45) than healthy controls (12.86 ng/mL ± 3.77), with a significant correlation with proteinuria (r = .488), systolic blood pressure (r = .341), and diastolic blood pressure (r = .410). |
| Jwda et al. | ELISA kits (Abbott i1000) | Serum and urinary NGAL were significantly higher in SRNS (174.3 ± 18.4) than SSNS patients (80.9 ± 9.0), with strong discriminative powers to detect SRNS based on the ROC curve analyses. |
| Kumar et al. | ELISA kits (Fine test, Wuhan, China) | Urinary NGAL levels were significantly higher in SRNS (50 IQR 40.1–58.9) than SSNS patients (8.68, IQR 4.97–11.65). Urinary NGAL had a strong discriminative power to detect SRNS (AUC: 0.95). |
| Murugesan et al. | ELISA kit (USCN Life Science Inc., Boston, US) | Urinary NGAL levels were higher in patients with first episode nephrotic syndrome (74.4, IQR 38.4–123.8) compared to healthy individuals (54.6, IQR 15.9–117.7). |
| Nickavar et al. |
ELISA kit (BioPorto Diagnostics, Gentofte Denmark) |
Urinary NGAL/Cr ratio was significantly higher in SRNS (1.15, IQR 0.15–11.36) than SSNS patients (0.20, IQR 0.10–0.32). |
| Ochocinska et al. | ELISA Kit (BioVendor, Czech Republic) | There was no significant difference in the serum and urinary NGAL levels between SRNS and SSNS patients. Serum NGAL concentration were higher in patients on triple therapy (cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone) compared to those on a double regimen without cyclosporine. |
| Pradeepchandran et al. | ELISA kit (Elabscience, Houston, USA) | Lower urine NGAL (< 10 ng/mL) was associated with steroid responsiveness in the first episode of nephrotic syndrome at 3 months. Higher urinary NGAL (> 10 ng/mL) was associated with hematuria and hypertension. |
| Wasilewska et al. |
ELISA kit (BioPorto Diagnostics, Gentofte Denmark) |
Serum and urinary NGAL, as well as NGAL/Cr ratio increased during the course of cyclosporine A treatment. Serum cyclosporine A was positively correlated with both urinary NGAL and NGAL/Cr ratio. NGAL/Cr ratio was positively correlated with serum Cr values and inversely with eGFR. However, the discriminative power for NGAL/Cr ratio to detect cyclosporine nephropathy, based on the ROC curve analysis, was weak. |
steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease (MCD), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), NGAL/creatinine (NGAL/Cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), Area Under the Curve (AUC)