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. 2025;26(6):1959–1970. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2025.26.6.1959

Table 3.

Distribution of PSQI and VAS-Sleep Scores of the Intervention and Control Groups

Subscales Measurement Control Group Intervention Group ϢZ p
X ± SD (Min - Max) X ± SD (Min - Max)
Subjective sleep quality 1st measurement (1) 1.70 ± 0.88 (0 - 3) 1.40 ± 0.62 (0 - 3) -1.461 0.144
2nd measurement (2) 1.77 ± 0.94 (0 - 3) 1.37 ± 0.61 (0 - 3) -2.001 0.045*
3rd measurement (3) 1.77 ± 0.90 (0 - 3) 1.40 ± 0.62 (0 - 3) -1.772 0.076
4th measurement (4) 1.57 ± 0.86 (0 - 3) 1.23 ± 0.50 (0 - 2) -1.609 0.108
Test Statistics ΨX2=8.040, p=0.045* ΨX2=10.200, p=0.017*
Sleep latency 1st measurement (1) 2.13 ± 0.90 (0 - 3) 1.17 ± 0.95 (0 - 3) -3.65 0.000*
2nd measurement (2) 2.03 ± 1.07 (0 - 3) 1.30 ± 1.18 (0 - 3) -2.413 0.016*
3rd measurement (3) 2.00 ± 1.20 (0 - 3) 1.07 ± 1.20 (0 - 3) -2.697 0.007*
4th measurement (4) 1.83 ± 1.18 (0 - 3) 0.97 ± 1.07 (0 - 3) -2.766 0.006*
Test Statistics ΨX2=3.777, p=0.287 ΨX2=4.113, p=0.250
Sleep 1st measurement (1) 1.93 ± 1.14 (0 - 3) 1.80 ± 0.89 (0 - 3) -0.883 0.377
duration 2nd measurement (2) 1.90 ± 1.09 (0 - 3) 1.83 ± 0.83 (0 - 3) -0.589 0.556
3rd measurement (3) 1.87 ± 1.04 (0 - 3) 1.67 ± 0.96 (0 - 3) -0.949 0.343
4th measurement (4) 1.80 ± 1.06 (0 - 3) 1.63 ± 0.93 (0 - 3) -0.893 0.372
Test Statistics ΨX2=2.410, p=0.492 ΨX2=11.333, p=0.010*
Habitual sleep efficiency 1st measurement (1) 0.93 ± 1.08 (0 - 3) 1.50 ± 1.20 (0 - 3) -1.836 0.066
2nd measurement (2) 0.80 ± 1.10 (0 - 3) 1.47 ± 1.20 (0 - 3) -2.215 0.027*
3rd measurement (3) 1.07 ± 1.26 (0 - 3) 1.50 ± 1.17 (0 - 3) -1.468 0.142
4th measurement (4) 1.07 ± 1.17 (0 - 3) 1.37 ± 1.13 (0 - 3) -1.073 0.283
Test Statistics ΨX2=4.455, p=0.216 ΨX2=2.178, p=0.536
Sleep disturbances 1st measurement (1) 0.90 ± 0.31 (0 - 1) 0.67 ± 0.48 (0 - 1) -2.175 0.030*
2nd measurement (2) 0.90 ± 0.31 (0 - 1) 0.83 ± 0.38 (0 - 1) -0.753 0.451
3rd measurement (3) 0.93 ± 0.25 (0 - 1) 0.83 ± 0.38 (0 - 1) -1.196 0.232
4th measurement (4) 0.93 ± 0.25 (0 - 1) 0.67 ± 0.48 (0 - 1) -2.56 0.010*
Test Statistics ΨX2=3.000, p=0.382 ΨX2=12.500, p=0.006*
Use of sleep medications 1st measurement (1) 0.30 ± 0.92 (0 - 3) 0 -1.762 0.078
2nd measurement (2) 0.30 ± 0.92 (0 - 3) 0 -1.762 0.078
3rd measurement (3) 0.30 ± 0.92 (0 - 3) 0 -1.762 0.078
4th measurement (4) 0.30 ± 0.92 (0 - 3) 0 -1.762 0.078
Test Statistics ΨX2=0.000, p=1.000 ΨX2=0.000, p=1.000
Daytime dysfunction 1st measurement (1) 0.90 ± 1.09 (0 - 3) 0.37 ± 0.72 (0 - 3) -2.077 0.038*
2nd measurement (2) 0.87 ± 1.01 (0 - 3) 0.40 ± 0.77 (0 - 3) -2.106 0.035*
3rd measurement (3) 0.90 ± 0.99 (0 - 3) 0.40 ± 0.81 (0 - 3) -2.406 0.016*
4th measurement (4) 0.83 ± 1.09 (0 - 3) 0.30 ± 0.65 (0 - 2) -2.23 0.026*
Test Statistics ΨX2=0.923, p=0.820 ΨX2=3.600, p=0.308
PSQI 1st measurement (1) 8.80 ± 3.93 (2 - 18) 6.90 ± 3.21 (2 - 16) -1.982 0.047*
Total 2nd measurement (2) 8.57 ± 4.33 (1 - 18) 7.20 ± 3.60 (3 - 16) -1.329 0.184
3rd measurement (3) 8.83 ± 4.35 (1 - 18) 6.87 ± 3.52 (2 - 16) -1.996 0.046*
4th measurement (4) 8.33 ± 4.4 (1 - 16) 6.17 ± 3.14 (2 - 14) -2.199 0.028*
Test Statistics ΨX2=3.232, p=0.357 ΨX2=14.845, p=0.002*
2>4, 3>4 a
VAS- Sleep 1st measurement (1) 5.60 ± 2.49 (2 - 10) 5.83 ± 1.98 (2 - 10) -0.366 0.714
2nd measurement (2) 5.47 ± 2.43 (2 - 10) 5.80 ± 1.67 (3 - 9) -0.817 0.414
3rd measurement (3) 5.30 ± 2.59 (1 - 10) 6.03 ± 1.73 (3 - 9) -1.398 0.162
4th measurement (4) 5.73 ± 2.12 (2 - 10) 6.17 ± 1.82 (3 - 9) -1.117 0.264
Test Statistics ΨX2=3.750, p=0.290 ΨX2=11.822, p=0.008*

Ψ, Friedman Test; Ϣ, Mann Whitney U Test*p<0.05; a, Bonferroni Post-hoc Test; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; VAS, Visual Analog Scale