Table 3.
Safety studies of UCNPs in rodents.
| UCNPs | Surface modification | Size (nm) | Zeta potential (mV) | Animal | Route | Dosage | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ba2GdF7:Yb,Er | PEG | 24±5 | 25.73 | Nude mice (25 g) | Tail vein injection | 2-4 mg/mL (0.2 mL) | Major organ pathological sections normal; Hemolysis assay confirmed no blood cell damage | 163 |
| BaYbF5:Tm | PAA | 14.7±3.5 | -19.8 | Kunming mice | Oral | 100 mg/mL (0.4 mL) | Major organ pathological sections normal; Female mice litter size unchanged | 370 |
| Anus | 20 mg/mL (0.8 mL) | Rectal mucosa epithelium intact, no ulcers or inflammatory cell infiltration; | ||||||
| Wistar rats |
Oral | 20 mg/mL (5 mL) | Blood concentrations of Ba2+, Yb3+ < 0.1 ng/mL | |||||
| Anus | 20 mg/mL (5 mL) | In vitro hemolysis rate < 0.5% | ||||||
| Lu2O3:Gd,Yb,Er | PEG | 85-130 | -0.65 | Kunming mice | Tail vein injection | 100 mg/kg | Body weight stable; normal diet, activity, and hair; major organ pathological sections normal; Hematological and biochemical parameters normal; Female mice litter size unchanged | 372 |
| NaGdF4:Tm,Er,Yb | Azelaic acid (carboxylic acid) | 25-60 | - | Kunming mice (20 g) | Tail vein injection | 1.5 mg/kg | No significant weight loss, abnormal behavior, or reproductive changes | 374 |
| NaLuF4:Yb,Er | Polypyrrole; PEG; DNA; DOX | 70 | 4.6 | BALB/c nude mice (16-18 g) | Intravenous injection | 9.4 mg/kg | Major organ pathological sections normal; Hematological and biochemical parameters normal | 379 |
| NaLuF4:153Sm,Yb,Tm | 6-aminohexanoic acid | 25-30 | - | Kunming mice (20 g) | Tail vein injection | 20 mg/kg | Major organ pathological sections normal; Hematological and biochemical parameters normal | 385 |
| Gd2O3:Yb,Er | PEG | 90-150 | - | Kunming mice | Tail vein injection | 10 mg/kg | Body weight gain patterns normal; Mild inflammation in liver/spleen tissues; Hematological and biochemical parameters normal | 66 |
| NaLuF4:Yb,Er | Polyaniline NPs; Pluronic F127 | 120 | 0 | NU/NU nude mice | Intravenous injection | 2 mg/mL (0.1 mL) | Major organ pathological sections normal; Biochemical and renal parameters normal | 386 |
PEG: polyethylene glycol; PAA: polyacrylic acid; PEI: polyethylene imine; FA: folic acid; DOX: doxorubicin; NPs: nanoparticles; Pluronic F127: poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (propylene glycol)-block-poly (ethylene glycol).