Table 5.
Applications of UCNPs in BC biomarker detection.
| UCNPs | Surface modification | Size (nm) | Zeta potential (mV) | Biomarkers | Results | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linear range | Limit of detection | Recovery | Relative standard deviation | ||||||
| NaYF4:Yb,Tm | PEG; Streptavidin | 78.7 | - | HER2 | SBR=319; UCNP labeling compatible with H&E staining; Signal stable within 20 min | 245 | |||
| NaYF4:Yb,Tm | PEG; Streptavidin | 44.2±4.0 | - | HER2 | SBR=319 | 246 | |||
| NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaGdF4 | SiO2; NPTAT-doped SiO2; Anti-PR antibody | 39.24±1.22 | - | PR | Excellent correlation with WB/IHC; More accurate low-level protein quantification vs. IHC; Enabled multiplex in situ biodetection | 247 | |||
| NaGdF4:Yb,Tm@NaGdF4 | SiO2; NPTAT-doped SiO2; Anti-ER antibody | 38.14±1.22 | - | ER | |||||
| NaYbF4:Er@NaYF4 | SiO2; Rhodamine B isothiocyanate-doped SiO2; Anti-HER2 antibody | 24.22±1.50 | - | HER2 | |||||
| NaYbF4:Er | Aptamer | 6-7 | - | VEGF | 50-2000 pM | 6 pM | 98.0%-113.0% | 2.9%-3.6% | 248 |
| NaYbF4:Er | PAA; Aptamer | 50 | - | VEGF165 | 0.1-16 ng/mL | 0.1 ng/mL | 96.5%-112% | <6.2% | 249 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Tm | PAA; 6-Carboxyfluorescein; Aptamer | 43.4 | - | CA15-3 | 0.01-150 U/mL | 4.5 mU/mL | 98.0%-105.0% | <5% | 253 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Tm | PEI; Anti-CA125 antibody | 20 | 17 | CA125 | 5-100 ng/mL | 120 pg/mL | - | - | 255 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Er | PAA; Aptamer | 41.7±3.6 | - | CA125 | 0.01-100 U/mL | 9 mU/mL | 98%-102% | <6% | 256 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Er | PAA; Anti-CEA antibody | 55 | - | CEA | 0.5-30 ng/mL | 0.36 ng/mL | - | - | 259 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Tm | PDA | 36 | -13.1 | CEA | 2-200 ng/mL | 0.1 ng/mL | 96.7%-104.8% | <5% | 260 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Er | PAA; Aptamer | 52±11 | - | CEA | 0.05-10 ng/mL | 0.008 ng/mL | 92.0%-110.0% | 1.4%-6% | 261 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Tm | PDA | - | - | CEA | 0.1-100 ng/mL | 0.031 ng/mL | 92.6%-107.0% | 1.0%-3.0% | 262 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Tm | TiO2 | 150 | - | CEA | 0.01-40 ng/mL | 3.6 pg/mL | - | 8.9% | 263 |
| NaErF4:Tm@NaYF4@NaNdF4 | PAA; G-quadruplex DNAzyme; cDNA | 399.9 | -14.16 | CEA | 50-2000 ng/mL | 0.910 pg/mL | 94.12%-103.92% | 2.12%-5.33% | 264 |
| NaYF4:Yb,Er | cDNA | 30 | -35.6 | CEA | 0.02-6.0 ng/mL (0.1-30 pM) | 65 fM (0.013 ng/mL) | - | - | 265 |
| NaGdF4:Yb,Er | PEG; Thiolated ssDNA; |
10±3 | - | TK1 mRNA | 1.17-65.21 fmol/10 µg | 0.67 fmol/10 µg | - | - | 266 |
| microRNA-21 | 0.043-41.25 fmol/10 µg | 0.019 fmol/10 µg | - | - | |||||
| NaYF4:Yb,Er | PEI; Molecular beacon | - | - | TK1 mRNA | 0-100×10-9 M | 1.1×10-9 M | - | - | 267 |
| NaGdF4:Yb,Er | PEG; Cell-penetrating peptide; | - | - | microRNA-21 | 0.073-43.65 fmol/10 μg | 0.03 fmol/10 μg | - | - | 268 |
| NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4 |
PEG; Anchor DNA; Glycerol phosphate disodium salt hydrate; | - | - | microRNA-21 | 10×10-15- 10×10-11 M |
0.74×10-15 M | 95.0%-96.7% | - | 269 |
| NaYF4:Yb:Tm@NaYF4 | Plasmid DNA | 46.83 | -12.0 | ctDNA (KRAS) | 5-1000 pM | 6.30 pM | 93.14%-98.51% | 2.02%-4.80% | 271 |
| NaYF4:Tm,Yb@NaYF4 |
SiO2; DNA probe | 60 | - | ctDNA (PIK3CA E542K) | 1-500 fM | 1 nM | - | - | 272 |
PEG: polyethylene glycol; PAA: polypropylene acid; SBR: signal-to-background ratio; IHC: immunohistochemistry; PEI: polyethyleneimine; PDA: polydopamine; WB: western blotting; NPTAT: nickel (II) phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt.