Table 1.
The functions and mechanisms of m5C RMPs in cancer.
| Type | RMPs | Target RNA | Mechanism | Function | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glioma | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | ATX | Nuclear export, Translation (ALYREF) | ATX-LPA axis | Migration | 139 |
| LINC00324 | Stability | CBX3-VEGFR2 axis | Proliferation, Migration | 132 | ||||
| NSUN4 | Up | CDC42 | Stability (ALYREF) | PI3K-AKT signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 138 | ||
| NSUN5 | Down | CTNNB1 | Stability | TET2-RBFOX2 axis | Immune evasion | 143 | ||
| HNSCC | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | LAMC2 | Stability (YBX1) | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, EMT | 125 |
| Retinoblastoma | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | PFAS | Stability (ALYREF) | - | Proliferation | 4 |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Reader | ALYREF | Up | NOTCH1 | Stability (ALYREF) | Notch signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 153 |
| Thyroid cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | SRSF6 | Nuclear export (ALYREF) | UAP1-AGX2-ABC transporter axis | Multidrug resistance | 108 |
| tRNALeu | Stability | c-MYC/BCL2/RAB31/JUNB/TRAF2 | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Chemotherapy resistance | 127 | ||||
| Esophageal cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | GRB2 | Stability | PI3K-AKT and ERK/MAPK signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 157 |
| SMOX | Stability (YBX1) | mTORC1 signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 156 | ||||
| NLRP3 | Nuclear export, Stability (ALYREF, YBX1) | NLRP3/caspase 1/IL-1β inflammatory pathway | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 121 | ||||
| NSUN5 | Up | METTL1 | - | - | Proliferation | 158 | ||
| Reader | ALYREF | Up | TBL1XR1, KMT2E | Stability | Upregulate APOC1 expression | Oxaliplatin resistance | 163 | |
| YBX1 | Up | CSF2 | Stability | - | Migration, Invasion, Glycolysis | 167 | ||
| Breast cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | HGH1 | Stability, Translation (YBX1) | Bind to EEF2 | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 252 |
| Reader | YBX1 | Up | mTOR | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration, Autophagy | 253 | |
| Lung cancer | Writer | NOP2 | Up | EZH2 | Stability (ALYREF) | H3K27me3-E-cadherin axis | Migration, Invasion, EMT | 147 |
| NSUN2 | Up | QSOX1 | Translation (YBX1) | - | EGFR-TKIs resistance | 126 | ||
| NRF2 | Stability (YBX1) | Enhance the transcription of GPX4, FTH1, and other antioxidants | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Ferroptosis | 145 | ||||
| PD-L1 | Stability (ALYREF) | Inhibit CD8+ T-cell infiltration | Immune evasion | 146 | ||||
| CircFAM190B | Stability | SFN-mMOR-ULK1 axis | Proliferation, Migration, Apoptosis | 128 | ||||
| ME1, GLUT3, CDK2 | Stability (ALYREF) | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Angiogenesis, Cell cycle, Metabolism | 109 | ||||
| NSUN4 | Up | CircERI3 | Nuclear export | DDB1-PGC-1α-mitochondria axis | Mitochondrial energy metabolism, Proliferation, Migration, Cell cycle, Apoptosis | 131 | ||
| CDC20 | Stability (ALYREF) | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 110 | ||||
| NSUN6 | Down | NM23-H1 | - | - | Proliferation, Migration, EMT | 148 | ||
| Reader | ALYREF | Up | YAP1 | Stability | Hippo and Wnt/β-catenin signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Therapy resistance | 149 | |
| YBX1 | Up | PFKFB4 | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration, Glycolysis | 118 | ||
| Gastric cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | NR_033928 | Stability | HUR/IGF2BP3-GLS axis | Proliferation, Apoptosis, Glutamine metabolism | 133 |
| NTN1 | Stability | - | Migration, Invasion, Neural invasion | 172 | ||||
| ORAI2 | Stability (YBX1) | PI3K-AKT signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Peritoneal metastasis | 173 | ||||
| PIK3R1, PCYT1A | - | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Chemotherapy resistance | 5 | ||||
| FOXC2 | Stability (YBX1) | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 174 | ||||
| PTEN | Splicing | PI3K-AKT signaling | Proliferation, Migration | 123 | ||||
| ATG9A | Stability (YBX1) | - | 5-Fluorouracil resistance, Autophagy | 265 | ||||
| Liver cancer | Writer | NOP2 | Up | c-MYC | Stability, Translation | LDHA/PKM2/ENO1/TPI1 | Glycolysis | 180 |
| NSUN2 | Up | GRB2, RNF115, AATF | - | Ras signaling | Sorafenib resistance | 181 | ||
| H19 | Stability | Recruit the G3BP1 oncoprotein | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Angiogenesis | 134 | ||||
| SREBP2 | Stability (YBX1) | - | Proliferation, Migration, EMT, Cholesterol metabolism | 119 | ||||
| PKM2 | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration, Glycolysis | 182 | ||||
| MALAT1 | Stability (ALYREF) | ELAVL1-SLC7A11 axis | Ferroptosis, Sorafenib resistance | 267 | ||||
| SOAT2 | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Apoptosis, Immune evasion | 58 | ||||
| Reader | ALYREF | Up | EGFR | Stability | STAT3 signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, EMT | 177 | |
| YBX1 | Up | RNF115 | Circularization, Translation | DHODH K27 ubiquitination | Ferroptosis | 178 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | Writer | NSUN5 | Up | GLS | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Cuproptosis | 186 |
| Reader | ALYREF | Up | PKM2 | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration, Glycolysis, Ferroptosis | 120 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | TIAM2 | Stability (YBX1) | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, EMT | 196 |
| Reader | YBX1 | Up | EGR1, NTRK1, SMAD7 | Stability | MIF/TNF-α | Perineural invasion | 192 | |
| Caspase-8 | Stability | PIPK1/PIPK3/MLKL pathway | Proliferation | 193 | ||||
| ALYREF | Up | JunD | Stability | SLC7A5-mTORC1 signaling | Proliferation, Immune evasion | 194 | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | ENO1 | Stability (YBX1) | - | Proliferation, Invasion, Glycolysis | 197 |
| SKIL | Stability (YBX1) | Activate TAZ expression | Proliferation, Migration | 198 | ||||
| SLC7A11 | Translation, Stability | - | Proliferation, Ferroptosis | 199 | ||||
| KSR1 | Stability (YBX1) | ERK/MAPK signaling | Migration, Invasion | 59 | ||||
| NSUN4 | Up | NXPH4 | Stability | PHD4-HIF1A axis | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, RNautophagy | 200 | ||
| NSUN5 | Up | circ0102913 | Stability | miR-571-RAC2 axis | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 129 | ||
| GPX4 | Stability | cGAS-STING signaling | Anticancer immunity | 208 | ||||
| Reader | ALYREF | Up | RPS6KB2, RPTOR | Nuclear export | - | Proliferation, Migration | 211 | |
| Renal cancer | Writer | NOP2 | Up | APOL1 | Stability (YBX1) | PI3K-AKT signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 213 |
| Reader | YBX1 | Up | PEBP1 | Stability | - | Migration, Invasion | 215 | |
| Bladder cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | RABL6, TK1 | Splicing, Stability (ALYREF) | - | Proliferation, Invasion | 218 |
| HDGF | Stability (YBX1) | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 47 | ||||
| Reader | ALYREF | Up | PKM2 | Stability | - | Glycolysis | 220 | |
| Prostate cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | AR | Stability (YBX1) | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 226 |
| TRIM28 | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration | 60 | ||||
| NSUN5 | Up | ACC1 | Nuclear export (ALYREF) | - | Proliferation, Lipid deposition | 223 | ||
| Ovarian cancer | Writer | NOP2 | Up | RAPGEF4 | - | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 247 |
| NSUN2 | Up | E2F1 | Stability (YBX1) | MYBL2/RAD54L | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 246 | ||
| Reader | YBX1 | Up | CDH3 | Stability | HR-related proteins, such as BRCA1, RAD50, NBS1, RAD51, etc. | Apoptosis, Cisplatin resistance | 242 | |
| E2F5, YY1, RCC2 | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Chemoresistance | 243 | ||||
| Endometrial cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | SLC7A11 | Stability (YBX1) | - | Ferroptosis resistance | 239 |
| Cervical cancer | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | LRRC8A | Stability (YBX1) | PI3K-AKT signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 233 |
| KRT13 | Stability (YBX1) | Migration, Invasion | 234 | |||||
| NSUN6 | Up | NDRG1 | Stability (ALYREF) | HR-mediated DNA damage repair | Radioresistance | 232 | ||
| Leukemia | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | PHHGH, SHMT2 | Stability (YBX1) | - | Proliferation, Apoptosis, Serine metabolism | 263 |
| Eraser | TET2 | Down | TSPAN13 | Stability (YBX1) | - | stem cell homing and self-renewal | 93 | |
| Melanoma | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | CTNNB1 | - | c-MYC/Cyclin D1 | Proliferation, Migration | 144 |
| Reader | YBX1 | Up | MAGEA1 | Stability | P53 signaling | Stemness, Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 268 | |
| Osteosarcoma | Writer | NSUN2 | Up | FABP5 | Stability | - | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Fatty acid metabolism | 124 |
| NSUN6 | Up | EEF1A2 | Stability | AKT/mTOR signaling | Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | 122 | ||