Figure 5.

Clinical trials of LILRB-targeted cancer therapies. In hematological malignancies, LILRB4-targeted therapeutic strategies include monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, and synthetic T-cell receptor and antigen receptor (STAR-T) therapy, all of which demonstrate potent tumor cell-killing activity. In solid tumors, current approaches employ monoclonal antibodies targeting LILRB1, LILRB2, and LILRB4 to inhibit tumor progression. Additionally, emerging bispecific and trispecific antibodies—designed to simultaneously engage multiple LILRBs or other immune-related proteins—are under development for solid tumors, aiming to enhance antitumor efficacy through synergistic mechanisms.