Table 1. General characteristics of the participants.
| Total N=2950 | Female N=1576 | Male N=1374 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 71.0 (68.0; 75.0) | 70.0 (68.0; 74.0) | 71.0 (68.0; 75.0) | 0.002 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5 (22.4; 26.6) | 24.2 (22.1; 26.4) | 24.7 (22.8; 26.8) | 0.001 |
| Marital status (N=2939), n(%) | 0.001 | |||
| Married | 2591 (88.2%) | 1301 (82.9%) | 1290 (94.2%) | |
| Never married | 11 (0.37%) | 8 (0.51%) | 3 (0.22%) | |
| Separated/divorced | 18 (0.61%) | 10 (0.64%) | 8 (0.58%) | |
| Widowed | 319 (10.9%) | 251 (16.0%) | 68 (4.97%) | |
| Floor of residence, n(%) | 0.161 | |||
| Walk-up high floor | 2087 (70.7%) | 1092 (69.3%) | 912 (66.4%) | |
| Elevator high floor | 353 (12.0%) | 191 (12.1%) | 197 (14.4%) | |
| First floor | 510 (17.3%) | 293 (18.6%) | 251 (18.3%) | |
| Education (N=2942), n(%) | <0.001 | |||
| No formal school | 419 (14.2%) | 345 (21.9%) | 74 (5.40%) | |
| Primary school | 721 (24.5%) | 401 (25.5%) | 320 (23.4%) | |
| Middle school | 1036 (35.2%) | 504 (32.1%) | 532 (38.8%) | |
| High school | 518 (17.6%) | 238 (15.1%) | 280 (20.4%) | |
| University | 248 (8.43%) | 84 (5.34%) | 164 (12.0%) | |
| Smoking status (N=2947), n(%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never smoker | 2138 (72.5%) | 1556 (98.9%) | 582 (42.4%) | |
| Ex-regular smoker | 333 (11.3%) | 4 (0.25%) | 329 (24.0%) | |
| Current regular | 476 (16.2%) | 14 (0.89%) | 462 (33.6%) | |
| Drinking status (N=2935), n(%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never drinker | 2221 (75.5%) | 1538 (97.8%) | 683 (49.8%) | |
| Ex-regular drinker | 174 (5.91%) | 3 (0.19%) | 171 (12.5%) | |
| Occasional or seasonal drinker | 540 (18.3%) | 30 (1.91%) | 510 (37.2%) | |
| Regular drinker | 8 (0.27%) | 1 (0.06%) | 7 (0.51%) | |
| Diet (N=2926), n(%) | <0.001 | |||
| Meat-eater | 152 (5.19%) | 41 (2.62%) | 111 (8.15%) | |
| More vegetarian food | 1200 (41.01%) | 743 (47.5%) | 457 (33.6%) | |
| Meat and vegetable balance | 1503 (51.37%) | 730 (46.7%) | 773 (56.8%) | |
| Vegetarians | 71 (2.43%) | 50 (3.20%) | 21 (1.54%) | |
| Frequency of physical activity (N=2947), n(%) | 0.046 | |||
| Daily or almost every day | 1718 (58.5%) | 886 (56.4%) | 832 (61.0%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 304 (10.4%) | 172 (11.0%) | 132 (9.67%) | |
| Never or almost never | 913 (31.1%) | 512 (32.6%) | 401 (29.4%) | |
| Comorbid diseases, n(%) | ||||
| COPD | 63 (2.14%) | 28 (1.78%) | 35 (2.55%) | 0.188 |
| Infectious pneumonia | 21 (0.71%) | 14 (0.89%) | 7 (0.51%) | 0.317 |
| CHD | 484 (16.4%) | 268 (17.0%) | 216 (15.7%) | 0.374 |
| Hypertension | 1671 (56.6%) | 857 (54.4%) | 814 (59.2%) | 0.009 |
| Cerebral infarction | 412 (14.0%) | 240 (15.2%) | 172 (12.5%) | 0.039 |
| Cerebral haemorrhage | 17 (0.58%) | 5 (0.32%) | 12 (0.87%) | 0.081 |
| Parkinson's disease | 14 (0.47%) | 6 (0.38%) | 8 (0.58%) | 0.599 |
| Chronic liver disease | 45 (1.53%) | 20 (1.27%) | 25 (1.82%) | 0.286 |
| Diabetes | 570 (19.3%) | 299 (19.0%) | 271 (19.7%) | 0.639 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 46 (1.56%) | 19 (1.21%) | 27 (1.97%) | 0.131 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 401 (13.6%) | 254 (16.1%) | 147 (10.7%) | <0.001 |
| Gout | 109 (3.69%) | 39 (2.47%) | 70 (5.09%) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 224 (7.59%) | 177 (11.2%) | 47 (3.42%) | <0.001 |
| Lower limb fracture | 95 (3.22%) | 61 (3.87%) | 34 (2.47%) | 0.042 |
| Cancer | 66 (2.24%) | 43 (2.73%) | 23 (1.67%) | 0.071 |
Number of values for every single analysis was listed if there were missing values.
BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.