Table 3. Risk factors for frailty by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.
| Risk factors | OR (95% CI)* | P value* | Adjusted OR (95% CI)† | P value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 0.61 (0.47 to 0.79) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.01 to 2.55) | 0.047 |
| Age, years | 1.16 (1.13 to 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.18) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) | 0.984 | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Widowed | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Married | 0.28 (0.20 to 0.40) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.35 to 0.98) | 0.042 |
| Never married | 0.65 (0.12 to 3.46) | 0.615 | 2.05 (0.22 to 18.96) | 0.528 |
| Separated/divorced | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.999 | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.999 |
| Floor of residence | ||||
| First floor | 1.00 | |||
| Walk-up high floor | 0.47 (0.34 to 0.65) | <0.001 | ||
| Elevator high | 0.74 (0.48 to 1.13) | 0.161 | ||
| Education | ||||
| University | ||||
| No formal school | 5.77 (3.12 to 10.65) | <0.001 | 4.20 (1.97 to 8.95) | <0.001 |
| Primary school | 2.12 (1.16 to 3.88) | 0.014 | 2.73 (1.34 to 5.57) | 0.008 |
| Middle school | 1.48 (0.81 to 2.68) | 0.201 | 2.41 (1.19 to 4.89) | 0.015 |
| High school | 1.04 (0.53 to 2.04) | 0.901 | 1.45 (0.67 to 3.13) | 0.349 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current regular | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Never smoker | 1.51 (1.03 to 2.20) | 0.034 | 0.68 (0.38 to 1.20) | 0.185 |
| Ex-regular smoker | 1.76 (1.08 to 2.87) | 0.023 | 1.48 (0.83 to 2.65) | 0.189 |
| Drinking status | ||||
| Regular drinker | 1.00 | |||
| Never drinker | 1.14 (0.13 to 9.84) | 0.903 | ||
| Ex-regular drinker | 1.18 (0.13 to 10.64) | 0.883 | ||
| Occasional or seasonal drinker | 0.55 (0.06 to 4.85) | 0.590 | ||
| Diet | ||||
| Vegetarians | 1.00 | |||
| Meat-eater | 0.81 (0.35 to 1.88) | 0.627 | ||
| More vegetarian food | 0.70 (0.36 to 1.37) | 0.297 | ||
| Meat and vegetable balance | 0.60 (0.31 to 1.18) | 0.139 | ||
| Frequency of physical activity | ||||
| Never or almost never | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily or almost every day | 0.40 (0.30 to 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.34 to 0.69) | <0.001 |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.90 (0.61 to 1.34) | 0.603 | 1.03 (0.63 to 1.68) | 0.919 |
| Combined diseases | ||||
| COPD | 5.13 (2.59 to 10.17) | <0.001 | ||
| Infectious pneumonia | 0.98 (0.21 to 4.48) | 0.976 | ||
| CHD | 2.86 (2.11 to 3.88) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.19 to 2.74) | 0.005 |
| Hypertension | 1.63 (1.25 to 2.12) | <0.001 | ||
| Cerebral infarction | 4.51 (3.32 to 6.13) | <0.001 | 2.78 (1.83 to 4.23) | <0.001 |
| Cerebral haemorrhage | 8.74 (2.54 to 30.04) | 0.001 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | 9.96 (2.48 to 40.05) | 0.001 | ||
| Chronic liver disease | 2.62 (1.25 to 5.50) | 0.011 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.29 (0.48 to 3.49) | 0.615 | ||
| Diabetes | 1.93 (1.44 to 2.58) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.42 to 3.00) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1.35 (0.96 to 1.92) | 0.087 | ||
| Gout | 1.89 (1.08 to 3.29) | 0.026 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 3.16 (2.11 to 4.73) | <0.001 | 2.49 (1.42 to 4.36) | 0.001 |
| Lower limb fracture | 2.69 (1.50 to 4.84) | 0.001 | ||
| Cancer | 2.17 (1.02 to 4.60) | 0.045 |
*
Univariate linear regression model without adjustment.
†
Multivariate logistic regression analyses adjustment for sex, age, marital status, education, smoking status, activities, history of COPD, CHD, hypertension, cerebral infarction, Cerebral haemorrhage, Parkinson’s disease, chronic liver disease, diabetes, gout, osteoporosis, lower limb fracture and cancer as independent variables.
BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.