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. 2025 Aug 22;7(2):e001088. doi: 10.1136/bmjno-2025-001088

Table 1. Participant characteristics.

Averages ALS (n=97) 2nd visit (n=24) Healthy controls (n=27)
Age at collection (±SD) 62.58 (±12.28) 60.04 (±8.22) 56 (±14.60)
Male, n (%) 59 (60.8%) 13 (54%) 11 (41%)
Familial, n (%) 5 (5.15%) 3 (12.5%)
ALSFRS-R (±SD) 36.48 (±7.58) 37.95 (±7.56)
Urine creatinine 1.00 (±0.52) 0.95 (±0.41) 0.94 (±0.48)
Osmolality (mOsm/kg H2O) 521.76 (±195.62) 553.54 (±221.06) 471.72 (±177.66)
Predicted disease duration at the time of recruitment (months) 21.9 (±19.99)
Death by end of the study (%) 62 (63.91%) 9 (37.5%) 0 (0%)

ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ALSFRS-R, Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale.