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. 2025 Aug 21;15(8):e097863. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-097863

Table 2. Summary statistics of drug usage and polypharmacy metrics according to polypharmacy status.

Variables Total population Not exposed to polypharmacy Cumulative polypharmacy
(6-month window)
Cumulative polypharmacy
(1-month window)
Consecutive polypharmacy
(6-month window)
Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Number of drug classes (ATC-1) 5.65 (2.79) 2.34 (1.22) 6.76 (2.23) 7.04 (2.19) 8.95 (1.59)
Number of drugs (ATC-5) 16.10 (13.70) 3.29 (1.82) 20.35 (13.33) 22.08 (13.49) 41.08 (16.17)
Number of prescriptions 10.50 (12.20) 1.78 (1.38) 13.44 (12.80) 14.69 (13.30) 36.29 (18.33)
Number of prescriptions with ≥5 drugs 2.28 (4.00) 0 3.04 (4.36) 3.53 (4.21) 11.79 (6.90)
Number of drugs per prescription 3.20 (1.79) 2.11 (0.99) 3.25 (1.80) 3.31 (1.82) 3.71 (2.00)
Number of polypharmacy months --- --- --- 4.49 (4.68) 13.75 (5.60)
Polypharmacy duration by month (without gap) --- --- --- 1.24 (0.68) 1.97 (1.59)
Polypharmacy duration by month (1-month gap allowed) --- --- --- 1.90 (2.40) 5.82 (5.32)

ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification.