Scheme 1.

Schematic diagram of the preparation and hemostatic application of injectable microsphere-based hydrogels. (A) Synthesis of GelMA and Lap@PDA. (B) Preparation of GM-Lap@PDA cryogel microspheres. Lap@PDA serves as the core physical crosslinking hub. PDA provides catechol and amino groups for hydrogen bonding with GelMA chains, while electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding exist between Laponite and GelMA. GelMA photopolymerization forms the covalent network. These synergistic physical and chemical interactions ensure stable microsphere formation. (C) Preparation and application of GM-Lap@PDA hydrogels. Several representative hemorrhage models were used to investigate the hemostatic potential of microspheres/hydrogels on open or invisible wounds.