Table 1.

Key Metabolic Pathways Reprogrammed in OC

Metabolic Pathway	Major Changes in OC	Key Molecules	Associated Effects	References
Glycolysis (Warburg Effect)	Increased aerobic glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions; conversion of glucose to lactate	HK2, PFKFB3, LDHA, GLUT1	Promotes biomass production, immune escape, platinum resistance	[20,26–37]
Mitochondrial Dynamics and OXPHOS	Enhanced OXPHOS activity, increased mitochondrial mass and respiratory capacity	DRP1, OPA1, Complex I	Supports CSC survival, chemoresistance, energy production under stress	[19,38–45]
Glutamine Metabolism and Amino Acid Dependencies	Increased glutamine addiction; reliance on serine/glycine metabolism for biosynthesis and redox control	GLS1, GLS2, PHGDH, SHMT2, IDO1	Fuels TCA cycle, supports nucleotide synthesis, promotes immune evasion	[20,46–55]
Lipid Metabolism Reprogramming	Enhanced fatty acid uptake, synthesis, and oxidation	CD36, FASN, CPT1A	Supports metastasis, chemoresistance, stemness, and immune suppression	[56–65]