. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 25.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Appl Stat. 2023 May 1;17(2):1592–1614. doi: 10.1214/22-aoas1684

Table 1.

Categorization of population based on possible values of ( $S_{i j}$ , $Y_{i j}$ , $Z_{i j}$ )

( $S_{i j}$ , $Y_{i j}$ , $Z_{i j}$ )	Characteristics	Observed?
(1, 1, 0)	healthcare seekers with test-positive illness	Yes
(1, 0, 1)	healthcare seekers with test-negative illness	Yes
(1, 0, 0)	healthcare seekers with no illness	No
(0, 1, 0)	healthcare nonseekers with test-positive illness	No
(0, 0, 1)	healthcare nonseekers with test-negative illness	No
(0, 0, 0)	healthcare nonseekers with no illness	No