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. 2025 Jul 24;21(11):4736–4761. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.113585

Table 6.

Drugs targeting GPCRs in clinical trials

Targeted GPCR Drug Name Indications Stage (Year) Mechanism References
Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2) Chlorpromazine Schizophrenia Approved (1957) D2 antagonist 168
β1/β2-Adrenergic Receptor (ADRB1/2) Propranolol Hypertension, Angina, Arrhythmias Approved (1964) β1/β2 antagonist 169
β2-Adrenergic Receptor (ADRB2) Salbutamol Acute Asthma Approved (1969) β2 agonist 170
H1 Receptor (HRH1) Loratadine Allergic Rhinitis Approved (1993) H1 antagonist 171
Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) Cinacalcet Hyperparathyroidism Approved (2004) CaSR positive allosteric modulator 160
S1P Receptor Fingolimod Multiple Sclerosis Approved (2010) S1P1 functional antagonist 172
GLP-1 Receptor (GLP1R) Semaglutide T2DM, Obesity Approved (2017) GLP-1R agonist 173
CGRP Receptor Erenumab (Aimovig) Migraine Prevention Approved (2018) CGRP receptor antagonist (mAb) 174
GPRC5D Receptor Teclistamab Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Approved (2022) GPRC5D antagonist (bispecific antibody) 175
5-HT1A Receptor (HTR1A) Gepirone Major Depressive Disorder Approved (2023) 5-HT1A partial agonist 176
Muscarinic M1/M4 Receptor (CHRM1/4) KarXT (Xanomeline) Schizophrenia Approved (2024) M1/M4 agonist, peripheral antagonist 177
EP4 Receptor (PTGER4) YY001 (ECNU) Advanced Solid Tumors Phase II (2021) EP4 antagonist 178
CCR8 Receptor HBM1022 (Harbour BioMed) Solid Tumors Phase I (2023) CCR8 antagonist (mAb) 3
PTH1 Receptor (PTH1R) SEP-786 (Septerna) Hypoparathyroidism Phase II (2023) PTH1R oral allosteric agonist 166
GLP-1R/GCGR/GIPR Retatrutide (Lilly) Obesity Phase III (2024) Triple agonist 179
ADGRG2 Receptor Nb23-bi (SDU) Orchitis/Neuroinflammation Preclinical (2025) Allosteric nanobody (w/DHEA) 180