Table 3.
Pharmacological moderators of MCs in DKD
| Mediators or Agents | Mechanisms | Effects | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| BI-2536 | Inhibiting PLK1 and NF-κB | Lessening MCs proliferation, alleviating proteinuria, and safeguarding renal function | 160 |
| ApoC3 | Increasing phosphorylation of NF-κB | Exacerbating STZ-induced renal injury | 75 |
| Dihydromyricetin | Inhibiting NF-κB activation by binding to sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) | Mitigating HG-induced expression of fibrosis and inflammatory molecules in GMCs | 161 |
| Wogonin | Blocking the TGF-β1/Smad3 signalling | Ameliorating renal inflammation and fibrosis | 162 |
| Cell-permeable peptide | Targeting NF-κB | Easing proteinuria and renal lesions | 163 |
| Icariin | Mediating p62-Dependent Keap1 Degradation and Nrf2 Activation | Decreasing extracellular matrix accumulation in MCs | 166 |
| Eucommia lignans | Mediating the AR/Nrf2/HO-1/AMPK axis | Alleviating the progression of diabetic nephropathy | 165 |
| β-Caryophyllene | Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | Decreasing HG-induced oxidative stress in MCs | 167 |
| Ampelopsin | Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | Inhibiting HG-induced extracellular matrix accumulation and oxidative stress in MCs | 164 |
| MCC950 | Inhibiting of the NLPR3/caspase-1/IL-1β pathway | Protecting renal function by attenuating rat MCs line HBZY-1 fibrosis | 168 |
| Epiberberine | Disrupting the Agt-TGF-β/Smad2 pathway | Limiting MCs proliferation and hypertrophy, and ultimately ameliorating kidney damage in db/db mice | 169 |
| Osthole | Reducing TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway activation | Inhibiting HBZY-1 hypertrophy, ROS production and ECM deposition | 170 |
| EW-7197 | Inhibiting of TGF-β signaling | Attenuating fibrosis and inflammation in MCs | 171 |
| Liposomal puerarin | Reducing HG-induced TGF-β expression and Smad 2/3 nuclear translocation in RMCs | Protecting mesangial cells | 172 |
| Pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamides | Targeting TGF-β1 | Alleviating proteinuria and glomerular pathological changes | 173 |
| USF1 PI polyamide | Restricting the expression of TGF-β1 | Minimizing impaired renal function | 174 |
| Viral mimetic nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated with cinaciguat | Regulating soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activity and 3′, 5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) generation | Inhibiting MC proliferation and matrix accumulation | 176 |
| Resveratrol | Inhibiting PDE4D/PKA signaling pathway | Inhibiting oxidative stress and Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission in diabetic renal MCs | 199 |
| Tilapia Skin Peptides | Activating the Bnip3/Nix signaling | Enhancing mitochondrial autophagic activity, scavenging damaged mitochondria in GMCs | 177 |