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. 2025 Jun 28;312(3):979–988. doi: 10.1007/s00404-025-08089-1

Table 2.

Birth characteristics and neonatal outcomes of the newborns

Delivery before 48 h n = 167 (49.5%) Delivery after 48 h
n = 170 (50.5%)
p value
Gestational age at delivery (week) 33 (3) 32 (2.1) 0.003b
Cesarean section 84 (50.4%) 112 (65.9%) 0.004c
Birth weight (gram) 1917 ± 592 1715 ± 605 0.002a
Apgar score at 1st minute 7 (2) 7 (3) 0.075b
Apgar score at 5th minute 9 (2) 8 (2) 0.069b
NICU admission 120 (71.9%) 140 (82.4%) 0.022c
Umbilical cord pH 7.30 (0.14) 7.30 (0.14) 0.739b
Transient tachypnea of the newborn 36 (21.6%) 63 (37.1%) 0.002c
Neonatal sepsis 20 (12.0%) 18 (10.6%) 0.687c
Fetal distress 27 (16.2%) 23 (13.5%) 0.496c
Respiratory distress syndrome 58 (34.7%) 51 (30.0%) 0.353c
Continues positive airway pressure 72 (43.1%) 95 (55.9%) 0.019c
Mechanical ventilation 56 (33.5%) 61 (35.9%) 0.651c
Phototherapy for neonates 26 (15.6%) 29 (17.1%) 0.711c
Neonatal hypoglycemia 15 (9.0%) 11 (6.5%) 0.388c
Interventricular hemorrhage 0 (0%) 5 (2.9%) 0.061c
Necrotizing enterocolitis 0 (0%) 4 (2.4%) 0.123c

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) where appropriate. A p value of < 0.05 indicates a significant difference and statistically significant p values are in bold

NICU neonatal intensive care unit

aStudent T-test

bMann–Whitney U test

cPearson Chi-square test