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. 2025 Jul 10;40(8):925–935. doi: 10.1007/s10654-025-01272-3

Table 2.

Use of hormonal contraception during follow-up among cases and controls

Overall Cases Controls p
REFERENCE GROUP: no use of hormonal contraception 11136 (68·6) 2384 (76·9) 8752 (66·6)  < 0·001
Any hormonal contraception use 5107 (31·4) 716 (23.1) 4391 (33.4)  < 0·001
GROUP: combined oral contraceptives, EE 2702 (16·6) 438 (14·1) 2264 (17·2)  < 0·001
 Levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol, fixed preparations 67 (0·4) 8 (0·3) 59 (0·4)
 Desogestrel and ethinylestradiol, fixed preparations 328 (2·0) 62 (2·0) 266 (2·0)
 Gestodene and ethinylestradiol, fixed preparations 555 (3·4) 65 (2·1) 490 (3·7)
 Drospirenone and ethinylestradiol, fixed preparations 1279 (7·9) 212 (6·8) 1067 (8·1)
 Dienogest and ethinylestradiol, fixed preparations 104 (0·6) 19 (0·6) 85 (0·6)
 Levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol, sequential preparations  < 5 (0·0)  < 5 (0·0)  < 5 (0·0)
 Cyproterone and ethinylestradiol, fixed preparations* 366 (2·3) 71 (2·3) 295 (2·2)
GROUP: combined oral contraceptives, E2 376 (2·3) 41 (1·3) 335 (2·5)  < 0·001
 Nomegestrol and oestradiol, fixed preparations 178 (1·1) 18 (0·6) 160 (1·2)
 Dienogest and oestradiol, sequential preparations 198 (1·2) 23 (0·7) 175 (1·3)
GROUP: progestin-only oral contraceptives 1332 (8·2) 130 (4·2) 1202 (9·1)  < 0·001
 Norethisterone 101 (0·6) 15 (0·5) 86 (0·7)
 Desogestrel 1217 (7·5) 111 (3·6) 1106 (8·4)
 Drospirenone 14 (0·1)  < 5 (0·1) 10 (0·1)
GROUP: hormonal intrauterine device; Plastic IUD with levonorgestrel 219 (1·3) 32 (1·0) 187 (1·4)  < 0·001
GROUP: vaginal ring; Etonogestrel and ethinylestradiol 312 (1·9) 48 (1·5) 264 (2·0)  < 0·001
GROUP: contraceptive patch; Norelgestromin and ethinylestradiol 41 (0·3) 8 (0·3) 33 (0·3)  < 0·001
GROUP: contraceptive implant 125 (0·8) 19 (0·6) 106 (0·8)  < 0·001
 Etonogestrel 51 (0·3) 10 (0·3) 41 (0·3)
 Levonorgestrel 74 (0·5) 9 (0·3) 65 (0·5)

IUD = intrauterine device. *Due to the classification of ATC code G03HB01 (cyproterone and oestrogens), the combined oral contraceptives with cyproterone and ethinylestradiol includes around 14% products in which cyproterone was combined with natural oestradiol, not ethinylestradiol