Table 2.

Fetal echocardiography diagnosis of autoantibody-associated congenital heart block

	Brucato [34]	Friedman [36]	Rein [31]	Bergman [56]	Yani [57]
Participants (incidence)	100 (2%)	98 (6%)	70 (9%)	95 (29%)	22 (18%)
Diagnostic method	Fetal echocardiography	Spectral Doppler (mitral-aortic)	Tissue Doppler	Spectral Doppler	Spectral Doppler
Diagnostic criteria	Separation of atrial and ventricular movements	> 150 ms (three standard deviations)	≥ 2 standard deviations	≥ 95% confidence interval	–
Incidence status	2 cases of complete AVB (2%)	3 cases of first-degree AVB (3%) → A–C 3 cases of complete AVB (3%) → D–F	6 cases of first-degree AVB (9%)	24 cases of first-degree AVB (25%) 2 cases of second-degree AVB (2%) → A/B 2 cases of third-degree AVB (2%) → C/D	2 cases of second-degree AVB (9%) → A/B 2 cases of third-degree AVB (9%) → C/D
Detection time	A → 22W B → 20W	A → 22W B → 20W C → missed diagnosis D → 23W E → 21W F → 19W	3 cases → 21–26W 2 cases → 32–33W 1 case → 34W	24 cases < 24W	A → 27W B → 24W C → 29W D → 25W
Treatment	Dexamethasone 4 mg/d	Dexamethasone 4 mg/d	Dexamethasone 4 mg/d	?	A → dexamethasone 4 mg/d B → dexamethasone + hydroxychloroquine C/D → no intervention
Outcome	A → implantation of a pacemaker (8 months) B → implantation of a pacemaker (3 years)	A–C → normal D → 24W pregnancy terminated E → pacemaker implanted at birth F → 20.5W pregnancy terminated	6 cases → normal	24 cases → normal A/B → normal C/D → third-degree AVB	A → no improvement after treatment, pregnancy terminated B → second-degree AVB diagnosed two months after cesarean section C/D → pregnancy terminated

AVB atrioventricular block; A–F cases in the study; W weeks