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. 2025 Aug 23;192(9):618. doi: 10.1007/s00604-025-07473-7

Table 1.

Applications of nanoparticle-based strategies in biological samples pretreatment for selective metabolite enrichment

Nanoparticles Class Metabolites Size (nm) LOD Applied modes Analytical instrument Sample matrix Reference
Fe3O4@SiO2-C18 MNPs Pyrethroid pesticides 100 0.001–0.008 μg/L MSPE GC–MS Water [24]
Fe3O4@SiO2@PEI-FPBA MNPs Nucleosides 32 0.2–3.0 μg/kg MSPE UHPLC-MS/MS Human urine [21]
Fe3O4@PEI-FPBA MNPs Catecholamines 35–40 - MSPE UHPLC-MS/MS Human urine [23]
Fe3O4@SiO2-C18 MNPs VOCs 10 9.7–57.3 ng/mL MSPE GC–MS Human urine [25]
Fe3O4@PEI@TBA MNPs Ginsenosides 20–30 - MSPE UHPLC-MS Rat plasma [22]
Fe3O4@SiO2@C18 MNPs Pesticides 8.4 1.9–62 ng/L MSPE GC–MS Water [26]
Au Metallic NPs Oxidized phospholipids 28 0.11–0.26 ng/mL d-SPE HPLC–MS/MS Human plasma [29]
TiO2 − ZrO2/SiO2 Metal oxides NPs Nucleosides TiO2 − ZrO2 NPs: 1–2 1–2 d-SPE HPLC–MS/MS Human urine [20]
MOF-5 Magnetic MOFs PAHs and GAs Fe3O4 NPs: 30–50

PAHs: 0.91–1.96 ng/L

GAs: 6–80 ng/L

 MSPE GC–MS Soil, fish, and plant samples [32]
Fe3O4@SiO2@MOF Magnetic MOFs Domoic acid Fe3O4 NPs: < 100 1.45 pg/mL MSPE HPLC–MS/MS Shellfish [38]
MIL-101@Fe3O4 Magnetic MOFs Phthalate esters Fe3O4 NPs: 70 0.08–0.15 μg/L MSPE GC–MS Human serum [31]
Fe3O4@Fe-BTC Magnetic MOFs Blood lipid regulators 9.7 4–99 g/L d-SPE UPLC-MS/MS Water [33]
Fe3O4 NP–modified 2D zinc MOF Magnetic MOFs Fluoroquinolones Fe3O4 NPs: 10–15 0.009–0.016 ng/mL MSPE HPLC–MS/MS Milk [34]
MOF-derived NH2-Fe3O4@C Magnetic MOFs Tramadol and methadone 10 73–32 pg/mL MSPE GC–MS Urine samples [37]
Magnetic UiO-66-NH@DES) Magnetic MOFs PFAIs 20 2.81–34.3 pg/g MSPE GC–MS Edible oils [35]
PCN-250(Fe2Mn) MOF + CoFe2O4 MNPs Magnetic MOFs EDCs CoFe2O4 MNPs: 69.5 1.5–53 ng/L SBSDME LC–MS/MS Urine [36]
Fe3O4 @TbBd Magnetic COFs Estrogens 40 0.2–7.7 ng/L MSPE HPLC–MS Human urine [41]
COF-(TpBD)/Fe3O4 Magnetic COFs Phthalate esters 50 0.005 to 2.748 μg/L MSPE GC–MS/MS Beverage samples [42]
Fe3O4@COF(TpBD)@Au-MPS Magnetic COFs Fluoroquinolones Fe3O4 NPs: 100 0.1–1.0 μg/kg MSPE HPLC–MS/MS Food samples [43]
NH2– Fe3O4@COF Magnetic COFs Benzoylurea insecticides NH2–Fe3O4 NPs: 50 0.06–1.65 ng/L MSPE UHPLC-MS/MS Tea beverages [44]
MCOF-composite Magnetic COFs Diclofenac sodium Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs: 15 0.01–3.5 μg/kg MSPE HPLC–MS Milk [45]
MNP@COF Magnetic COFs Aristolochic acid I 40 1.84–2.21 ng/L MSPE HPLC–MS/MS Mouse serum and tissues [46]
NiFe2O4/COF Magnetic COFs Quinolones NiFe2O4 NPs: 50–100 0.09–0.26 μg/L MSPE UHPLC-MS Animal innards [47]
Fe3O4@silk fibroin@COFs Magnetic COFs Sulforaphane Fe3O4 NPs: 10 0.5 ng/mL MSPE HPLC–MS/MS Cruciferous vegetables [48]
Fe3O4@COF-on-COF Magnetic COFs Sulforaphane 15.2 0.052–0.092 μg/L M-DSPE HPLC–MS/MS Cruciferous Vegetables [49]
Fe3O4@NH2 − MIL-125@TpPa-SO3H MOF@COF hybrid Quinolones Fe3O4 NPs: 50 0.0016–0.0940 ng/g MSPE HPLC–MS Meats [50]
C16mimBr -MCNTs@SiO2 MCNT Flavonoids Fe3O4 NPs: 100 0.20–0.75 ng/mL SPE HPLC–MS Human urine [72]
GO-Fe3O4 nanocomposite Magnetic graphene NPs Psychoactive drugs Fe3O4 NPs: 2–10 0.02–0.2 μg/L MSPE UHPLC-MS/MS Human urine [57]
Fe3O4@SiO2–G Magnetic graphene NPs Pesticides and pollutants 15–40 0.005–0.030 ng/g MSPE GC–MS Tomato and rape [58]
Fe3O4@GO Magnetic graphene NPs Sulfonamides  < 100 0.02–0.013 μg/L MSPE HPLC–MS/MS Milk samples [59]
MGO Magnetic graphene NPs 2-glycerol monopalmitate  < 100 - d-SPE GC–MS Olive oil [60]
GO/Fe3O4 Magnetic graphene NPs Nitroimidazoles Fe3O4 NPs: 10–20 0.003–0.08 μg/kg MSPE UPLC-MS/MS Honey [61]
Fe3O4/rGO Magnetic graphene NPs PAHs  < 100 0.02–14.3 ng/L MSPE GC–MS Water [62]
Mag-MIP MIP Sterols Fe3O4 NP: 30–50 80.00 μg/L MSPE GC–MS Mushroom, human serum, watermelon [51]
CF@m-CNTs-MIP MIP Catecholamines Fe3O4 NPs:30–50 0.023–0.054 μg/L d-μ-SPE UFLC-MS/MS Human plasma [52]

CE- Capillary electrophoresis, COF covalent-organic frameworks, EDCs endocrine disrupting compounds, d-SPE dispersive solid-phase extraction, GAs gibberellic acids, MOF metal–organic frameworks, MIP molecularly imprinted polymers, MNPs magnetic nanoparticles, MSPE magnetic solid-phase extraction, NPs nanoparticles, PAHs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PFAIs perfluoroalkyl iodides, SPE solid-phase extraction, VOCs volatile organic metabolites